Wide Reading Assignment - Sherlock Holmes Essay Example for Free

Wide Reading Assignment Sherlock Holmes EssayThis assignment is based on three Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle which are, The Man with the Twisted Lip, The concluding Problem, and The Empty House. The aim is to tip over a full understanding of each story and to give a good idea of why these stories are still as popular today as they were 100 years ago. I will beg off this by discussing some of the characters and taking into account the social and historical context.Sherlock Holmes stories are all quite different in their own way because they look for different kinds of crime and characters. Such as in The Man with the Twisted Lip, where they are trying to solve a suspected murder and in The Final Problem they are trying to catch Professor Moriarty for various crimes. These three stories do have some similarities, which are that Sherlock Holmes always solves the crimes and is always the chief(prenominal) character. They also involve Dr.Watson, a doctor, who s eems to be Holmes companion in solving these crimes. Arthur Conan Doyle has created Holmes character very effectively as in that period in history crime was rife in London and the public were scared and thought the police force were not protecting their community as well as they should. So because Holmes didnt work for the police force and always solved the crimes then he seemed to be like a hero to the public and maybe their reverie because he kept people safe and they probably wanted so frequently for him to be real.The readers of Sherlock Holmes in Victorian England showed so much pursuance that when Doyle tried to end the stories of Sherlock Holmes by killing him in The Final Problem there was a public outcry and Doyle even received dying threats because they wanted so much for him to carry on with this character that had caught their attention so vividly. In that time of history there were no televisions or much entertainment at all for the public so that is probably why t hey got so intrigued by this wonderful character that solved all the crimes.I would chance on Sherlock Holmes as a very pompous, confident and intelligent person. He also seems to be quite secretive about his plans such as when he persuades Dr. Watson to go on one of his missions, he doesnt tell him where they are going or what is in store for him and this makes me feel quite anxious for Watson, such as in The Man with the Twisted Lip when he said But Im all in the dark and Holmes answers Of course you are.Youll k at present all about it presently. I think this is a very significant quality in all of the Sherlock Holmes stories because it gives a sense of mystery for the reader and makes it a lot to a greater extent interesting. Holmes also has a dark-side to himself, which is displayed when he states Had I been recognised in that den my life would not of been worth an hours purchase, for I have used it before now for my own purposes.

Movie Review of Secret (2007 Taiwanese Film) Essay Example for Free

Movie Review of concealed (2007 Taiwanese Film) EssayCasts* Jay Chou as Ye Xianglun A music student majoring in lenient and lives with his take * Kwai Lun-mei as Lu Xiaoyu A music student who lives with her mother * Anthony Wong Chau-sang as Xiangluns father Xiangluns father and the discipline teacher at his school * Alice Tzeng as Qing Yi Xiangluns classmate who is in love with him * Yuhao Zhan as Yu Hao A music student and talented piano player, nicknamed Prince of the piano, he had a piano battle with Xianglun hugger-mugger is an amazing movie to look at and to listen to. The film tells a simple but real beautiful love story which is tied between past and present. The story, the music, the talent youll truly be amazed and be in love with it when you see it yourself. You cleart imagine that it would be magical. Its a unique story, unpredictable and interesting. Whats more interesting is there is more to it than what meets the eye. Careful attention must be paid to all scenes, or else the story wont click and the end wont be as good. Heres the spoil. Ye Xianglun is a budding musical genius whose room with piano keys makes him a hit with the ladies, and even the guys, who recognize talent when they see it. Ye arrives at Tanjiang Art School and already hes being watched, but his eyes and warmness are immediately stolen by Lu Xiaoyu, an elegant, charming flirt who first happens upon Ye in the schools aged piano room. The two begin a cute, casual move thats defined by confidentials.Basically, Lu keeps them, starting with her name, then extending them to other things like where she goes, what she does, and why shes always absent from class. Since shes so effervescent and attractive, Ye is immediately smitten. Ye has a secret too, but Ill give it away his dad is a teacher at the school, and hes played by Anthony Wong in an amusing performance thats vintage Wong. Ye excessively has some friends at school who arent as amusing, and even qualify a s annoying and bothersome. Some of these characters are played by Chous Taiwanese pop music pals. Since this is a Jay Chou (Ye Xianglun) production (besides starring and directing, he penned the original story and contributed the music), its only understandable that Chou make room for some of his buddiesas thoroughly as his pet obsessions, especially music. Ye becomes the class celebrity when he kicks ass in a piano battle, which is as entertaining as it is patently manufacture. Basically, Ye outfoxes his adversary on the ivory keys, winning the hearts of the girls and the guys, while still remaining cool and sheepish in that inimitable Ye Xianglun way.Chief among his admirers is the pretty Qing Yi, who starts to crush on Ye big time. But Ye only has eyes for Lu. Or does he? Despite getting along swimmingly with Ye, Lu soon gets the idea that Ye is two-timing her with Qing. This is receivable to your standard crossed wires and mistaken circumstances, but the misinterpreted event is enough to throw a massive crush-killing wrench into their puppy love. That would probably be a dread thing to behold if not for the fact that the relationship up until then was hardly inspiring. Ye Xianglun and Lu Xiaoyu have decent chemistry, but the relationship between their characters never seems that deep. Theres a manufactured quality to the dialogue that makes their supposed love a bit unconvincing, and without more acute emotions the film begins to depict. Sadly, part of this is the fault of Ye Xianglun, the actor. Ye possesses a sure likable charm, but his presence hardly screams passion. His demeanor is just too remote Ye tries hard, but he cant convey a complete execute of emotions. Shoring things up, however, is Lu Xiaoyu.When she initially appears, she acts too much like an idealized good girl flirt to be real its like shes some manufactured idea of what perfect high school romance should be. However, as it turns out, theres a reason for her bizarre flirtatious b ehavior, and as the film divulges more of the hows and whys, Lu is given a chance to convey emotions that prove heartbreaking. Her screen presence is refreshing and her emotions genuinely moving if Secret manages to affect, Lu Xiaoyu is a large reason why. The revelation of the films eponymous secret is what gives Lu the chance to really affect the audience and yet its also when the movie starts to pull away its credibility. The mechanism behind the films secret is never known, but the logic of how it works is explained explicitly, such that every incident and action in the film needs to fitting a set of rules explained by the characters and depicted by the events themselves. But the film ultimately doesnt adhere to its convictions, eventually twisting events to fit desired emotions and skirting nearly the rules that theyve laid out for us.The film gives us a denouement, but itsonly touching because it fits some sort of predetermined audience expectation, and not because it surp rises or really affects. Some people may be happy with how Secret ends. But does the film earn its ending? I dont think that it does. At least Secret is a very pretty ride. On artifice alone, the film is aces, serving up beautiful art direction, cinematography and music. Ye Xianglun (Jay Chou) really knows how to compose a gentle wind the films original music is genuinely stirring, and preexisting pieces are well-chosen and evocative of the films innocent romantic mood. Secret serves the senses exceptionally well so much so, that its nigh tragic when it ultimately throws logic out the window. Ye Xianglun and company have created a nice little valentine, but their desire to give the film more lean eventually leaves it adrift.The film barrels towards its intended goal with little regard for common sense, leaving the audience with nothing besides the pretty pictures and people to rim it up. Amazingly, that gambit is more successful than not, and Lu Xiaoyu (Kwai Lun-mei) practicall y drags the film across the finish line herself. Without her the film would probably sink beneath its own self-importance, as its manufactured sheen and occasionally miscalculated choices render the film little more than a superficially gorgeous pure love diversion for teen girls and the boys they drag to the cinema along with them.Thatll probably do just fine for most, since manufactured diversion seems to be a standard expectation for many modern moviegoers. Secret will probably score well with its intended teen audience, especially if they take in the film as a single, one-off experience. Further viewings would only expose the films holes to be gaping and perhaps intolerable, but upon first glance, Secret is pretty and polished enough to charm. You should watch it too

How to Play Texas Holdem Essay Example for Free

How to Play Texas detainmentem EssayAs a hobby for my sp atomic number 18 time, I play poker. Texas Holdem to be precise a game of skill, chance, and luck. This game can be a compotation, or just a way to have near fun with some friends. There are many different places to play holdem you can play at home, city leagues, or at the casino. Here are some basic rule and tips to playing the gameThe game starts out by selecting a dealer, either by draw or setting posion. at one time the dealer is picked and the cards are shuffled, and ready to start the deal. The two players to the left of the dealer put out blind bets. The first person to the left is the subtle blind while the second person from the dealer is the big blind. Every player is dealt two cards, stage d take in. These cards are called hole or sacking cards.The first move, or action, falls on the player to the left of the big blind. This person can call the big blind, raise it or fold. This process continues or so the table, clockwise. After the betting is completed, one card is placed face down this is called the burn card, three cards are then dealt face up in the center of the table, which is called the board. The first three cards in Texas Holdem are called the flop. These cards community cards meaning everyone can (and result) use them in combination with their own hole cards to make the best hand.From the flop on, betting begins with the player to the left of the dealer, who can check or bet.A forth card is dealt face up after the burn, is placed on the board. This is called the turn card.Another round of betting.A final card is dealt face up. This card is called fifth street or the river.A final round of betting occurs. The remaining players show their cards and the person who make the best five cards hand by cartel their pocket cards with the cards on the board wins. In some rare cases in Texas Holdem, the five cards on the board will actually be the best hand, in which case everyone l eft in the hand divides up the pot.Now you know how to play and all the Texas Holdem rules. Have fun.

Differences in liberal and realist approaches

Differences in fully grown and realist approachesEvery group interaction mingled with humans in diverse activities entails defining the actors in discrete groups of devil. The purpose of which is to diametricaliate between 1 group of participants that excel from the other group that does not. The exact labeling of these groups varies with the activity under consideration. virtuously speaking, a person nookynister be grouped into either good or evil class Talking just about football, a player can be grouped into either superior or inferior category scotchs to a fault entails dividing the people who study them as either unstained or Keynesians. Though the initial both groups occupy the end points of a horizontal scale, there are many entities that interconnect these two, thereby filling the grey area. They neer full advocate the logic of any one of the two rather argue for an amalgamation, offering a middle path to any eventual solution. The chronicle of Political scienc e as an academic field of study also has been imbued with an eternal clash of thinkings between two civilises of thought. Throughout generations these two trains have vied for the coveted position in explaining the nature of humans as political entities. sensation sees humans as increasingly self concern and find little in them to defecate collectively for the benefit of all humankind the other believes in the selflessness of the same humanity and sees hope and reason to continue fixing for a world where everything would be characterized by principles of license. The former is cal take the Realist school of thought while the latter stance is that of the all-encompassings. The clash is particularly evident in the area of inter guinea pigistic Relations at bottom Political Science. Here realists think of the transnational convey system as increasingly anarchic, believe that all states overwork in their self interest and characterize international politics as power cent ered concentrating on balance of power, and finally that war is inevitable in the international state system. On the other hand, bountifuls argue that that there is great room for cooperation and benefit for all in the international state system, believe that states can and do work for mutual benefit and find evidence against the realist claim that all international politics is power politics. They also argue that war is avoidable and complex interdependence has also a role to play in the international arena. If the above demarcation separates the liberals and realists within IR, the academia within another relatively new torpedo discipline of Political Science, IPE, had also followed that pattern in their study of a transactionhip of international politics and scotchs. Realism in IPE has been more often called as mercantilism. In both case they represent the same school in a sense that both of them act as synonyms for a particular school of thought. Mercantilism has come to fi nd more usage as a term within IPE as opposed to realism in IR. As the grammatical construction of international politics prudence under discussion is international good deal, I will map realism as mercantilism throughout the course of this paper to remain synonymous with the terminology used within IPE. The paper would give a brief introduction of the two discourses within IPE and then scrutinize them merely side by side till the end of the paper. The conclusion aims to provide a brief understanding as to where were headed in this discussion now and in the future.Liberalism traces its roots to about two hundred years ago to economic philosophers Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Liberalism has abounded in popularity in the aftermath of the WWI and WWII. Although limitations have come some in the inability of liberalism to bear the fruit which it so vigorously argued for, liberals are demonstrate everywhere today in the business community of the West, Wall Street, IMF and macro cosm Bank etc. Liberals praise the benefits of muster out grocery store and trade. Liberals close to important contribution is the idea that all participants in a system of free markets and trade are beneficiaries (Cohen, p 12, 2008). The suck in does not stop at the junction of free market. They fail to give due importance to the role of Politics in free markets and trade. State for most liberals is a negative and holistic entity which should be kept out of the affairs of the free market as it impairs the Laissez-faire idea of market regulation.Mercantilism rightly claims to have the longest intellectual tradition because this underscores the importance of nations and power in thinking about economic issues. Mercantilists contrast most sharply with liberals in asserting that the gain of one nation usually comes at the expense of others (Cohen, p. 12, 2008). As a result mercantilists see international delivery increasingly characterized by a close relationship between economic , technological and military strength all topped by a greater national influence. Mercantilist arguments are increasingly used by countries and groups dis profitd by international trade as a cover for their inability to stimulate domesticated discipline process. They argue for self serving initiatives like protectionism etc. in the areas of economics and military technology. The contribution of mercantilists is to recognize that international economic relations operate within a world of competitive and conflictual nations (Cohen, p. 12, 2008). For mercantilists, power and economic motives both play an important role in the shaping of international economic cooperation or competition.The two ends of the spectrum are linked together by a multitude of theories and discourses. The links at times appear to be very convincing while at other times add to the already prevalent confusion in this field. This uncertainty is what makes IPE as a discipline so interesting to study. The feeling of intrigue very much abounds within oneself as one studies more and more the web that connects nations in international politics or separates them. International political economy is not an easy subject and the major tool for analyzing IPE, trade, becomes harder to critically analyze with the aim of reaching towards a specific conclusion. Hence one should delve farther into IPE with an open mind and let the discourse guide oneself towards any eventual conclusion.The modality of the topic requires me to compare and contrast liberalism and mercantilism. The framework that I in tilt to use is to analyze both in terms of their key actors, key dynamic and their stand on conflict and cooperation in the international arena of trade. I also intend to put side by side their inception as an academic school of thought and see if any meaningful result can be deducted from it.The origin of the mercantilist school of thought can be traced back to the emergence of nation based politics in Europe during the fifteenth century. Liberals found root in the wake of the industrial revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. In this sense Mercantilism ideas have had a longer life than their liberalist counterparts. Liberal ideas earned much approval and favoritism in the wake of the failure of realism as an effective discourse describing and governing the international politics that led to the bloody World Wards I and II. Liberals see the international trade system as interdependent rather than anarchic and self serving as advocated by realists. Realists see the international trade as a zero sum game, the gain of one country is the loss of another, which liberals see it as a domineering sum game that the growth of international trade is of benefit to everyone. Liberals give the idea of the growing of a pie, as the pie gets bigger the slice each participant gets also increases. Here one should question that this example fails to give due account to the question that which participant gets the bigger slice. Also that due to the proportional or absolute advantages that some countries hold over the other, those countries grow at a rate higher than the others. Also the countries not possessing the comparative or absolute advantage require huge domestic political costs to be entailed if a shift is made from no advantage sectors to ones having comparative advantage in its domestic economy these costs include unemployment, temporary inflation, public backlash, loss of political support for the government in power etc. For example during the Vietnam war, President Nixon determined against raising taxes to cut back US trade deficit because it might weaker his already frail political support. Now this differential growth rates for different countries presents itself as a dilemma for a state especially since the concept of a state is an entity that is supposed to provide the best possible package of security, draw close and life style towards its citizens. In the pursuit of this self or collective interest of realists and liberals respectively, the former believe that power has an equal, if not stronger, role to play along with economics in the international economy and trade relations the latter tend to underplay the role of power in the international politics and emphasize the ability of states to choose between attractive courses of action. Nevertheless, mercantilist arguments have often come to be chosen as routes for underdeveloped nations to catch up with their developed counterparts. black lovage Hamilton writing in the 1970s urged Americans to protect their manufacturers from foreign competition so that they could industrialise and increase their power. Almost a hundred years later, Fredrick List argued that Germany should industrialize behind trade barriers so that it could catch up to the economic might of huge Britain (OBrien Williams, 2004). The protectionist apprehensions or favoritism continue till this day. As rece ntly as on the 17th of November this year, President Hu Jintao of China in a joint news conference with President Obama called for joint opposition to trade protectionism (China and US to work together, 2009).Realists see the state as the key actor in the international arena, while for liberals the starting point of analysis is the individual. Liberals argue for a complete freedom for the needs of the individual by arguing that if left alone the individuals would maximise the gain of the entire humankind regardless of their origin. Liberals see state interference in the market as negative and advocate the freedom of the market to self govern. Realists on the other hand believe that there is nothing natural about markets. They are artificially within the social contract of each state, which requires that a markets functions have to be regulated by a higher authority. Similarly realists head the role firms have to play within the domestic markets and as expected for liberals the pres ence of firms is a exacting omen in a sense it increases the general wealth of any country. Realists prefer state to the individual and for liberals its vice versa. Even within liberal thought, there exist a demarcation separating those who are hard-core liberals and those who acknowledge the role state has to play. It ranges from those who see the state fading away in an emerging borderless world (Ohmae 1990) that will be dominated by sequestered business to liberal institutionalists (Keohane and Nye, 1977) who stress the continuing importance of the state, but see it enmeshed in webs of interdependence and international organization (OBrien Williams, 2004).Moving towards the dynamics of these two discourses, for liberal theorists the market lies at the centre of economic life (OBrien Williams, 2004). Realists feel the clear-sighted activity of the state characterizes the dynamics of international trade and cooperation. Here the rational activity by any is undertaken with an aim to get the best possible outcome for its citizens. Liberals admit the shortfall of markets to weave their magic in certain fragile times of international trade but theyre almost certain in their belief that any further state involvement at that fragile blink is certain to worse the already weak market situation. Realists back out of this argument by maintaining that market relations are important but market is governed by the activities of the state. Economic activities and actors are subordinate to political agendas and actors respectively. The consequence of the salience of the state is that international economic relations become international political relations (OBrien Williams, 2004). Realist scholars believe that the nature of global economy reflects the interests of the most powerful states by arguing that free trade regimes tend to exist during the times when a whiz state dominates the entire world system as the hegemon can absorb the costs associated with imposing the free trade system. As the system degrades towards a triple power centre system, conflict characterizes the international relationship between states as interests contradict. Liberals maintain that if all the countries maintain free trade policies and shun self centered motives, conflict would certainly not take place. They give the example of Europe following the WWII and also that liberal democracies never go to war with one another. The phenomenon of globalisation has evoked two tiered response within both the realist and the liberal school of thought. Defensive nationalists within realism admit the presence of globalization and work to undermine it rather than skeptics who dont see any form of globalization at all. Within liberalism too a similar trend is produced hyper globalists see globalization as breaking down barriers between countries and unleashing a force of production bound to produce further happiness for humankind (OBrien Williams, 2004). Liberals influenced wi th Keynesian principles still see the problems of free markets in certain scenarios as cause for possible hesitation towards globalization it might have some unwanted outcomes. They support the need for market refine till its perfection is achieved.Finally dealing with the aspect of conflict and cooperation, liberals see international trade as essentially cooperative as opposed to the realist view that it is conflictual. Example of theories within both the schools that advocate their respective ideas include the theory of comparative advantage within liberalism that describe that even while possessing a comparative advantage, not absolute, in a certain area of production, one can benefit from trade in the international trade. Realist power based theories moan the absence seizure of any higher authority in the international state system which they see as must to regulating any cooperation and mutual benefit in the international trade. The concern for liberals with nationalist polici es is that they lead to conflict. Liberal theorists see trade interaction as strengthening bonds for peace and stability. The liberal belief in the connector between protectionist policies and conflict and the reverse argument, namely that capitalist favours peace and conflict and the reverse argument, namely that capitalist favours peace, is central to the liberal critique of the international economic order. (OBrien Williams, p. 20, 2004) Immanuel Kant foresaw an era of perpetual peace when all the world market systems would be characterized by Free states and international state an alliance of democratic states. Woodrow Wilson advocated adopting liberal principles for the international state system following World War I also a founding principle for the League of Nations. Similar nationalist policies following the Great Depression were understood to have aggravated relations between countries leading up to the World War II. Citing the pluralist nature of international trade and economic system, liberal theory of complex interdependence explain the connection between increase economic exchange and interconnectedness and the long peace among Western nations after 194 5represent classical liberal political economy (OBrien Williams, p. 21, 2004). The belief of international cooperation and conflict of realists tend to start with their lack of total belief in the abilities of market. Markets for realists produce both positive and negative outcomes. Since, due to their inherent assumption I believe, most realists see markets negative outcomes more than their positive ones realists argue for state control of important economic variables of their domestic economy. A liberal economy sees these very controls as measures of protectionism. Mercantilist arguments are prevalent more in sectors which are either critical to a nations conception or has to do with their cultural values. Examples of either of these could be a countrys defence industry or their local film and music industry etc. With the flood tide of the cold war as well as the communist setups of many countries around the globe it appears liberal policies have seem to be dominate, for now. It remains to be seen how long does this majority support goes in redefining the international economic and political structure. Some liberals went as far as to claim that history had ended because the liberal democratic model had triumphed over other forms of social organization (Fukuyama, 1992).Robert Cox said, Theory is always for someone and for some purpose (p. 207, 1986). The presence of different ideas in analyzing one aspect of international economic system finds its roots in a number of reasons. The first of these is that although all the theories are trying to explain one single phenomenon, they are looking at it from different angles. One theory looks at it from the angle of security, for the other its economics that holds the upper hand and for another school of thought, Marxism or c ritical perspective, its all about class struggle. Another reason is the group of people the theorization is coming from. Rich and influential people would tend to favour liberal trade policies as it offers the least resistance in conducting their business and reaping profits. Under privileged group of people would advocate for protectionist policies that would protect their interests. One last reason is that due to the subjective nature of opinions and reasons, it is not possible to get an absolute categorization of a theory as right or wrong. Theories are based on observations, not mathematical truths. Thus their rightfulness depends on the value judgment that particular groups of people apply to them. It is important for us to realize is that we do not have to follow any one particular school of thought blindly. The presence of multiple layers of explanation presents one with a tool to apply ones thinking to any specific case. More over one can find any amalgamation describing on es own stance between these layers of theorizations that has taken place until now within International Political Economy.ReferencesCohen, B. (2008). International Political Economy An Intellectual History, 17 39.OBrien, R., Williams, M. (2004). Global Political Economy development and Dynamics, 11 36.(2009, November 17). China and US to work together. BBC News. Retrieved from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8363643.stm

A Business Plan to introduce Clean City Ltd

A Business Plan to introduce modify metropolis LtdThis document serves as a Business Plan to introduce wakeful City Ltd, a registered Limited Company that was formed in January 2010. The sole aspiration of Clean Citys business allow be to solely engage/enforce the block outing of garbage, its collection, transportation and deli rattling/disposal to recycling computer programmets and dumping sites, our main focussing being recycling plants. What is Waste concern? Waste management is the collection, transportation, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials, while Recycling is the process of re-using a apt(p) product (beyond its intended use), or producing a new product from a reclaimable material.capital of Kenyas population is approximately 4 million, 44% Kenyans fall on a lower floor the destitution line, meaning approximately three quarters of capital of Kenyas population falls under the urban poor category. In Nairobi, approximately 1,530 tonne s of garbage is generated daily and as illustrated in the Pie Chart below, approximately 1,130 tonnes of garbage rots uncollected close to its source, or is burnt in homesteads, dumped at embezzled landfills or dumpsites or is collected by Non political Organisations and Community showd groups.Due to economic hardships and the high rate of unemployment, we buzz rack up seen an increase of people migrating from rural to urban areas in search of better prospects to station upright their immediate families and/or dependants, and more often than not, most of these people eventually reside in low class areas such(prenominal) as the Kibera Slums or Peri-urban areas such as Gachie, Ongata Rongai, etcetera. Approximately half of the Kenyan population is based in Nairobi, and most of these migrants find themselves close to fragile areas such as rivers, valleys, steep slopes and bordering to sewers or dumps. Nairobi City Council whose mandate is to provide and sustain a clean and heal thy purlieu in Kenya has been unsuccessful due to its failure to hypothesize and adopt clear and comprehensive strategies that take into account all aspects of waste management its reluctance to call for stakeholders and to naturalise the general public on winning responsibility for their garbage disposal and its style in which it has disseminated information on the inherent dangers of inadequate attention given to waste management, or lack thitherof. The Councils Systems and Methods espouse to manage solid waste perplex failed to conform to the minimum requirements stipulated in the Environment wariness and Co-ordination Act (EMCA) 1999, Part 11, Section 3(i). Generally it is poor governance.It is real sad indeed to witness adult pedestrians, motorists and passengers alike, ditching rubbish on footpaths, streets and roads without giving a bit thought to the negative effects of their actions and having no bet for the beauty of Kenyans Capital, the Green City in the Sun. Majority of our young citizens, that is, our children, who are our leaders of tomorrow, innocently litter anywhere and everywhere outside their homes and/or instill premises, and in many instances this habit grows uncorrected because these young impressionable children mirror what many of us adults do resulting in a vicious cycle. Many of Nairobi streets and footpaths are littered with rubbish ranging from maize cobs, cigarette butts, fruit skins to plastic papers.City Council of Nairobi owns and operates Nairobis only official landfill disposal site that is located in Dandoras high density residential neighbourhood where a quarter of low income voiceless Kenyans reside. The Dandora landfill is currently filled with approximately 1.3 million cubic meters of waste spread head over approximately 30 acres. Dandora is approximately 7.5 km away from the Central Business District, out of sight out of mind. This has serious health consequences to the d riseers and the urban environment a t large. In addition, low income areas are largely affected by uncollected rubbish due to poor infrastructure or geographically unobtainable areas and also due to the residents inability to pay for garbage collection services rendered by the Private firms.With the burgeoning population or in this case urban escalation, there is an urgent need for an operational mechanism to be put in place by the Council with the backing of the Kenyan Government to enable the formulation of structures that entrust encourage the participation of the private sector and the general public in waste management initiatives.Clean Citys main objective is to act as a catalyst towards the green movement, to eradicate the negative effects of environmental degradation where it ordain promote a cleaner, air pollution-free, urban environment and habitat by equipping the Public with facilities, knowledge and tools, in order to effortlessly segregate their garbage at source, meaning to sort out their garbage at t he flush of disposal basically to make this practice a part of their lifestyle.Recyclables are treasures buried in our landfills and Clean Citys underlying desire is to promote the re-use, to enhance well organised and structured recycling arrangements instead of waste been burnt or dumped in landfills. Recycling is a pollution-reduction strategy and at the same time lead save land that is currently being used as landfills. There is an urgent need for the public to unlearn the poor garbage disposal habits and to ascribe that the sorting out of garbage is a proactive approach to a clean habitat that depart at long last be beneficial to them at diametrical demographical levels.1.1 ObjectivesClean City Limiteds endeavour is to have established a extensivey fledged Garbage sorting business by the year 2012 that bequeath have desegregated the following ObjectivesTo run an ethical business that involves Corporate Social Responsibility in all aspects of our business activities.T o aim for a return on investment of at least 15% yearlyTo achieve an operating remuneration of 10% of our enumerate salesIn corporal or win the privilege of the public and private sector in promoting waste management in NairobiTo advocate for the withdrawal of Dandora as a landfill plus former(a) illegal dumpsites within Nairobi and to reallocate them to isolated land away from residential areas and to convince the Council to allow privately owned landfills.To expand our horizons in the wider part of Nairobi and eventually to Kenyan major towns like Mombasa, Kisumu and Eldoret and to further penetrate regionally to our neighbouring East Africa such as Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda.To exemplify to Kenyan citizens the benefits of garbage sorting.To educate Kenyans on the benefits of untapped or low key recycling business that dope be used as a source of income, where scarce natural resources can be obtained, which are currently hampered by the landfill dumping.To introduce Leaf-it D epots where organic waste such as garden waste, grass, food, leaves, wood shavings can be deposited for compostingMost importantly, to honor Nairobis slogan, The Green City in the Sun and to encourage and educate Kenyans on the paramount importance of living in a clean and healthy environment. 1.2 missionary workClean City Limiteds mission is to provide a garbage sorting framework that will encourage and promote effective and efficient methods of disposing of garbage by using our garbage sorting systems that would eventually enhance the current skeletal recycling business. Our labelled coloured/categorized recycling dust stack aways equipped with appealing advertisements and educational campaigns will be used as a conduit to achieve this mission.2.0 Our Business IdeaCurrently, there are a few privately owned Garbage assemblage firms that collect garbage once a week. These firms distribute between 8 12 bags per household for the months use and their charges range from between Ks hs.400 Kshs.800.00. The current system involves households paying a monthly fee for garbage collection through their monthly service charge contributions to either an external management company or to their internal management committee, whom in turn organise for garbage collection services. Standalone/Bungalows would directly pay to the service provider.Once the garbage is collected, it is directly delivered to landfills where human scavengers sort out the garbage and sell to recycling plants. The vehicles used for collection and transportation are Lorries without canvas or any other material that can spinal column the back, therefore the back is left open with the stinky garbage out in the open for all to see and garbage spillage on the roads.Where does Clean City come in?Clean City will deliver an efficient and effective collecting/transporting service but at a bounty cost. We shall diffuse in the minds of our clients the idea of an organised disposal/collecting/transportatio n system, a value for money service that will be a valued added benefit.We shall provide communal huge categorized Dumpsters that will be stationed on communal ground of households that constitute more than 6 units in a compound, where full thrash plastic bags from individual households can be disposed of for collection.We shall also provide our residential clients with service contracts stipulating the standards of proper sorting and disposal. Also included in our contract will be the probability of our refusal to collect garbage that has not been correctly sorted.2.1 Target Market residential and Commercial in Upmarket AreasResidential We have taken into consideration that not many apartments are provided with a provision for waste bins which normally is situated in the laundry/balcony area contiguous to the Kitchen and if they are, the quadruplet is too poseed to accommodate 3-1 recycling bins. However, we still intend to approach apartments and suggest they use 1 bins with compartments, that is, for nut case/metal/plastic recyclables and the other for organic/wet and paper, and others. Please see images below.Standalone/Town Houses/Maisonettes have the advantage of spacious verandas and balconies for terminal.Shopping Malls, Major Airports, 3-5 Star Hotels, Hotel Apartments, Golf and Social/Sports Clubs and Shopping Complexes we shall place huge Dumpsters in strategic positions please refer to images below.Schools Of paramount importance is to educate the young on the benefits of disposing of garbage in an organised and hygienic manner and to enlighten them on recycling materials.Upcoming Housing we shall also lay aside a keen eye on upcoming apartments so as to educate developers/real estate dealers on the need to have provisions in households for storing bins. We shall also approach newly completed apartments/standalone housing to enable us incorporate our services before tenants occupy them.Recyclers We have approached 4 major recycling co mpaniesPET Recycling Company for plastic wasteCentral Glass Industries for glass wasteRoll Mill Limited for metal wastePan Africa for paper wasteCommunity based groups for organic matterHowever, we shall not limit our sale of recyclables to the above mentioned companies.2.2 Business baby-sitOnce we have equipped our clients with the necessary bins and accessories, our Business model which is solely manually based will involve the following process severally weekday will have a designated Zone or Region for Waste for once a week collections.We shall start off with 3 rear load trucks that have been equipped with a rear hydraulic conveyor lift that will lift Thrush bags into the main hold of the truck. Each truck will have a driver and two support staff, who will assist each other to lift the bags onto the hydraulic conveyor. All the 3 trucks will be dispatched together at any one time to their different zonal schedules. All waste will be delivered to our Waste belongings Site i n Karen, where Waste will undergo a final segregation phase. Purchasing hydraulic trucks is a massive investment however this cost will compensate for the reduction in labour expenses in the long term.Classified Recyclables will be bribed and collected from us by Recycling Plants on a weekly basis while non-recyclable waste will be dumped at official landfills. ply Working HoursWorking hours will be from 8 am to 5 pm from Mondays to Saturdays. We do not foresee overtime issues, however, in the event of overtime, staff shall be compensated accordingly.No of Supporting Staff 3 drivers6 staff to accompany drivers4 staff to be based at our holding siteMain Equipment/AccessoriesWe have identified 3 reconditioned Trucks from the United Kingdom, modelPersonal Protective EquipmentBins and DumpstersPlastic Garbage BagsOccupational Health and precaution MeasuresTo avoid any job site hazards, we shall comprehensively assure our staff on health and safety measures while on duty and also pr ovide them with Personal Protective Equipment that will consist of the followingA pair of heavy duty gloves Jungle GreenA pair of high top heavy duty boots/shoes Jungle Green climb down weight safety helmet (for comfort due to tropical weather) Lime GreenSafety Vest Lime GreenOveralls Jungle GreenThe table below shows the total cost of the safety equipment.ITEMQUANTITYCOST PER UNIT sum of money COSTGloves13 degree Celsius1300Boots135006500Helmet137509750Safety Vests135006500Overalls136007800The Bins will be sell to residential clients while the Dumpsters that come in big sizes will be on term of a contract to commercial clients.The dominant green colour will speak for itself, Clean Citys Green Footprint and the same principle will be applied to our trucks.Our logotype and Corporate coloursThe following Recycle symbol will be our logo and brand that will be pasted on all our equipment, uniforms and stationery. Our corporate colours are green and white.Our notesWe shall be loca ted in Karen on a 1 acre plot that will be on rental, where most trading operations will take place. The site will consist of an Admin Office while most of the land will be an open air field with a shed, for sorting purposes. The monthly rental for the 1 acre office in Karen will be Ksh. 75,000/=3.0 Management TeamCity Clean is owned by 3 partners, namely Regina Maru, Sheily Shah and Maureen Adhiambo, in the capacities of Managing Director, Financial and Human visions Director and Sales, PR and Marketing Director, respectively. Once we have our operations running we shall bring on board an Office Manager.Structure, Ownership and Intellectual propertyCity Clean is owned by 3 partners namely Regina Maru, Sheily Shah and Maureen AdhiamboFlat StructureManaging DirectorFinance Human Resource DirectorSales, PR Marketing DirectorAccounts ClerkSales RepresentativeAdmin ManagerSupport StaffManaging Director4.0 Industry Analysis 5 Forces Model flagellum of new entrants Already the marke t is flooded with waste collection businesses that are not following the Waste collection regulations, and the National Environment Management Authority has introduced more stringent regulations and measures to our contests. NEMA further assured us that they shall not allow new entrants until the Clean Citys sorting/recycling concept has been fully established.Threat of Substitutes Clean Citys existing competitors offer an inferior service. We shall charge our residential clients a one-off fee for the cost of the bins however our service, that is, collection of weekly garbage will be Kshs.500.00 which is similar to what most of our competitors charge per month.Buyer Power Bargaining power of our customers will be low as City Clean has no competitor offering a similar product and service.Supplier Power Bargaining power of our suppliers, in this case, Kenpoly Industries who specialise in plastic, will be low as we are able to source the Bins and Dumpsters from other suppliers both locally and internationally, for example in China.Rivalry the degree of rivalry in the waste collection assiduity is low as City Clean is introducing a new and superior product and service.5.0 Marketing Plan5.1 Our Product and ServiceClean City is entranceway a niche market as this concept has not been introduced in Kenya, in fact countries worldwide that practice this healthy habit are few and far in between. It will be a new phenomenon in Kenya that we know will be received with mixed reactions however, we are also very confident that we shall eventually have a good footing. Clean City will have a competitive advantage as no other Company in Kenya or even East Africa offers a similar product or service, neither do any of the other garbage collecting companies have automated hydraulic trucks that shall be in use.Our marketing strategy focuses on differentiation due to its nature of providing a value added benefit, uniqueness, affordability, profitability, superiority and ultimat ely giving us a competitive edge.Clean City is two-fold as it shall provide both a product and service. Our product has 4 facets that are mutually beneficial of each other and these are the Bins, Garbage plastic bags, Dumpsters and Trucks while our service will involve the collection of pre-sorted waste that will be delivered to Recycling Plants and Landfills.Clean City shall have 5 or more classes of beneficiaries/customers at both ends of its supply chain as follows. The following table illustrates that Customers falling under 2 will benefit from our product while the rest will be benefit from our service.CustomerDescription of Benefit1Nairobi City Councilstep by step reducing the size of the Dandora Landfill and assisting and advocating for its reallocation.2 menage and CommercialProviding education and tools to sort waste3Compost ManufacturersProviding pre-sorted green waste4Recycling PlantsProviding pre-sorted recyclable material5Animal Farms, example Pig FarmsProving pre-sort ed food waste5.2 Product DescriptionOur Bins and Dumpsters will be custom-made to match the quality of trade Bins that are used in developed countries however, City Cleans will be available at lower prices. The Bins that shall be rectangular in shape will come in 2 varieties either with 2 or 3 partitions for recyclable waste which will be influenced by the amount of storage space available.A sample of TruckLeyland truck each 6500.00 CIF. The government has kindly granted us freight clearance charges and government tax subsidies.Specifications4 tonnes62 middleliftHydraulic liftVulture bodyDouble bin liftCummins engineA sample of Dumpsters. Size Specifications for Dumpsters Length 72 inches, Width 16 inches, Height 40 inches -For General Waste, Organic/Food, Glass, Metal Cans, Plastic Bottles/Containers.Each dumpster costs Ksh. 3500/=A sample Bins we shall supply both the 3-in-1 and 2-in-1 depending on household storage space. The size specifications for the Bins per partition Len gth 12 inches Width 12 inches Height 24 inchesGreen will symbolize organic and food waste embrown will symbolize general wasteYellow will symbolize glass and plastic bottles/containers and metal example Metal and Aluminium Cans/Tins.5.3 Marketing reckon KES.Designing and Printing of Fliers 100,000 500,000.00Mazingira campaignments A4 size quarterly 80,000.00Facebook Advertisements 15 days per month for 3 months 7,200.00Purchase of .com Website and Design 20,000.00Roadshows 4 times a month 40,000.005.4 be of Official Launch of City CleanTo facilitate the official launching of Clean City, we have humbly requested the presence of Minister for Environment and mineral Resources, Hon. John Michuki, the Environmentalist Activist and Nobel Peace Price Winner 2004, Ms. Wangari Maathai and the Director General of NEMA, Mr. Muusya Mwinzi and UNEP top officials, just to name a few.The launch programme will be brief and will mainly consist of a few speeches and refreshments. The venue wi ll be at our Karen site. embodys of Tents 20,000.00Refreshments 10,000.005.5 Promotional and advertising planTo build a customer database of a minimum of 2000 households within the next 12 monthsTo build leads of at least 50 households and 10 Firms per weekAdvertise our services by distributing 1000 pamphlets/fliers to 50 households per weekGive a personal touch by sending seasonal promotional representatives to deliver our Bins and Dumpsters access to door and illustrate the use, features and benefits of the Bins and plastic bags to our customers, with an aim to minimise resistance.Advertise our services on Facebook, Twitter Myspace and send out e-shots to a minimum of 50 per weekLaunch our website www.cleancity.com and invite internet users to joinAdvertise on Environmental magazines such as MazingiraWe have already received backing on fiscal sponsorships from organisations we plan to partner with, UNEP has so far given us a pledge.5.6 Pricing StrategyThe pricing strategy of clea n city will be quite similar to those of the prevailing competitor firms. The following figures depict the pricing strategy. For the services the company will charge households Ksh. 500 per month and Firms Ksh. 800 per month. A crime syndicate of a months supply for households bin bags will cost Ksh. 150 and those for firms will cost Ksh. 200. During the first month, households will have to purchase bins which will be sold in 2 varieties, 2 in 1 and 3 in 1. The 2 in 1 will be sold for Ksh. 700 and 3 in 1 for Ksh. 850. The firms will have to purchase huge dumpsters which will cost them Ksh. 3400. We will assure that the quality of all these materials is high and durable.5.7 Market SegmentationOur orchestrate market is solely in upmarket areas that include residential homes, shopping malls, Cineplexes, 4 and 5-Star hotels and upmarket schools.6.0 Operations Plan6.1 Licensing and Registration RequirementsNEMA The National Environment Management Authority, who is Kenyas Government Pa rastatal that has been given the mandate to act as Kenyas Environment Authority, has given us the required framework for all the certifys and waste management policies, procedures and regulations. NEMA officials were very move and assured us of their full support. The cost of acquiring the licence and other regulations would be a total of Ksh. 65000.6.2 Operating and Control SystemsIn order to have the operating and control system in place, we will purchase 2 computers and softwares. Our staff is already well trained in maintaining these systems and thus we will not spend on training more staff. Each computer will cost Ksh. 35000 and each software will cost Ksh. 100006.3 Accounting and address Cutting ControlsWe shall have computerized accounting systems with Software designed for book-keeping purposes. We also shall have an Electronic Tax Register that can calculate Value Added Tax and keep a record of our stock and daily sales.Fuel Consumption We shall sign contracts with only one force out station close to our Site in Karen, where our Trucks will be fuelled using fuel cards, to avoid cash changing hands and to keep abreast with our fuel consumption. We shall also fit in all our trucks an anti-fuel stealth device to stop any fuel siphoning.The fuel cost per month will be Ksh. 30,000 for each truck Therefore for 3 trucks a total of Ksh. 90,000.Mileage We shall take down Mileage readings of our trucks on departure and arrival on a daily basis.Performance ControlsApplying Total Quality Management by incorporating benchmarking, through regular collections and comparisons of customer data in form of surveys and focus groupsFor effective communication purposes, our trucks will be equipped with VHF radios and a base station radio at our Site.Our trucks will undergo regular servicing to ensure effectiveness and efficiencyWe shall adhere to all the Governments regulations and ensure timely licence renewals6.4 Financial planAccompanied summaryCompany was formed in January and no revenue was earned during this period, therefore the financial projections commence from the month February 2010 when substantial operations start.Target of having a customer base of 2000 households in a year and 500 firms in a year.10 dumpsters will be purchased initially. come on dumpsters will be purchased as demand increases.Utility costs include telephone, water, electricity and internet.Salary Structure 3 drivers 15,000/= each, 6 support staff 12,000/= each, 4 staff at holding site 12,000/= each.Each truck costs 6500 6500*127.945449 (exchange rate) = Ksh831, 645/=During the first month, we expect to have a customer base of 200 households and 10 firms we expect these figures to gradually increase by 35% each month.Households will be supercharged 500 a month and Firms will be charged 800 per month.Sale of recyclables per Kg Ksh 10/=. We assume each household accumulates waste of approximately 2kg everyday out of which 1.5kg is renewable. Each firm accu mulates 10kg of renewable waste per day.A pack of one Bin bag for households (medium size) that contains 30 bin bags for a month supply costs Ksh 150 /=A pack of one bin bag for Firms (Large size) that contains 30 bin bags for a month supply costs Ksh 200/=We assume each month half the new household customers purchase 2 in 1 bin whereas the other half purchase 3 in 1. Therefore initially we expect total households customers of 200 100 will purchase 2 in 1, the other 100 3 in 1. Consequently each month the 25% increase in customer base will follow the same trend. The 2 in 1 Bin will be sold for 700/= whereas the 3 in 1 will be sold for 850/=.Dumpsters are purchased for each firm 3500/= per dumpster.Break Even point i.e. when total revenue is equal to total costs and net profit is zero. After Break even point Clean City will start making profits. From the graph, the Break Even point is marked as 5.5 which is mid May 2010.After the 1st year, in the projections for the 2nd and 3rd year , we expect the number of customer base for both households and firms to increase by 15% annually.From the second year, we will depreciate the trucks and the office furniture on a straight line basis. The percentage annual depreciation will be 5%.The fuel cost for the 2nd and 3rd year will increase by 15% each year. This is attributed to increases in oil prices as well as change magnitude demand of services and therefore more distance to be covered by the trucks.The initial cost of set up is presented in the table belowItemQuantityCost per Unit (Ksh)Total cost (Ksh)Hydraulic Trucks3831,6452,494,935Gloves131001300Boots135006500Helmet137509750Safety Vests135006500Overalls136007800Acre Plot in Karen175,00075,000Purchase of website120,00020,000Cost of purchasing office furniture150,00050,000Cost of computers235,00070,000Cost of software for each computer210,00020,000Licensing and registration165,00065,000Anti siphoning device for each truck3500015,000Cost of Launch130,00030,000TOTAL ST ART UP COST2,871,785PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT PROJECTIONSYEAR123RevenueNo of Households155451787720558Price charged per Household500500500Total revenue from households7772500893837510279131No of Firms101311651340Price charged per Firm800800800Total revenue from Firms8104009319601071754Sales of recyclables729915083940239653126TOTAL REVENUE158820501826435821004011Expenses bring900000900000900000Salary198000019800001980000Utility840008400084000Security600006000060000Administration CostsStationary cost240002400024000depreciation of office furniture250025002500loan repayment565357565357565357Truck expensedisparagement of trucks124747124747124747Fuel (30,000 per month per truck)108000012420001428300servicing charges (10,000 per truck)360000360000360000Cost of Purchasing Bin bags253435029145033351678Cost of purchasing Bins3 in 144327599099411396432 in 1365050816113938529Dumpsters245,000531825611599

A Case for Therapeutic Massage for Chronic Neck Pain

A Case for Therapeutic Massage for Chronic Neck PainHolly JacksonThe call of the article I chose is Five-Week Outcomes From a Dosing Trial of Therapeutic Massage for Chronic Neck Pain. It was published in the Annals of Family Medicine in the March/April final payment in 2014. I chose to use this article because it relates to the chief complaint of my Wednesday client and supports massage as a viable treatment option. I recognized a need to learn more about the condition in order to be a more competent massage therapist.In the United States, degenerative neck twinge is a common complaint and ranks high on the list of disabilities. Individuals who suffer often seek help from qualified massage therapists. instruction the ins and outs of the neck, including muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves is crucial for giving a quality massage. This knowledge, paired with the proper techniques, becomes an invaluable tool in the massage therapists tool belt for success, which will make water lasting benefits for the client.Inconclusive results prior to this study have been a result of too many variables in the techniques and infrequency of treatments. The purpose of this study was to set a specific duration of treatment, with variance on the number of treatments prevaild, to determine if massage therapy could help ease chronic neck pain. Study subjects had to meet a compressed list of requirementsAdults aged 20 to 64 years with chronic nonspecific neck pain lasting at least 3 months excluding individuals whose neck pain had a pathologically identifiable cause, was complex, or was too mild, had potential contraindications for massage, received massage inwardly the last 3 months, and had not received massage for neck pain within the last year. (Sherman, et al. 2014, p. 113)There were 228 participants chosen and individuals were randomly assigned to one of six hosts. One of the groups was the control group where the participants were put on a wait list. distributivel y of the groups contained 37 to 39 individuals. The study lasted 4 weeks, with final outcomes gathered in the fifth week over the phone by an individual who wasnt aware of group assignments. Besides the control group, which didnt receive massage, there were five groups with variances of massage ranging from 30 minutes 2 or 3 times a week to 60 minutes 1, 2, or 3 times a week. Each of the groups had specific parameters for the treatments, which included range of motion assessment, hands-on check-in, massage applied directly to the neck, and addressing compensatory patterns (Sherman, et al. 2014). The results were mensurable using several point systems including patient satisfaction.The investigators found convincing results from the study groups. According to the study measurements, all of the groups showed proceeds except for the control group, which did not receive massage. The measurements for neck pain intensity and neck disability index (or NDI), indicated that even though the 30-minute massage groups showed improvement in the measurements of the study, the most significant results came from the 60-minute massage groups, specially those groups receiving 3 massages per week. Studies that were conducted prior to this were inconclusive in their methods and findings. The significance of these findings cannot be understated. Massage is a viable, verified method of treating chronic neck pain with considerable measures of improvement and relief of symptoms when administered with regularity.The thoroughness of this study supports the use of therapeutic massage as a complementary treatment option. The measurements taken at the onset of the study showed that most tribe who suffer from chronic neck pain are not satisfied with conventional treatment options. With the finding of this study supporting therapeutic massage, the impact on the massage industry has the potential to grow exponentially. Massage has much more to offer than just feeling great, it has the abil ity to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. I believe this is a perfect prescription for repeat business with satisfied clients.ReferencesSherman, K., Cook, A., Wellman, R., Hawkes, R., Kahn, J., Deyo, R., Cherkin, D. (2014).Five-Week Outcomes From a Dosing Trial of Therapeutic Massage for Chronic Neck Pain. Annals of Family Medicine, 12(2), 112-120. inside10.1370/afm.1602

Free Euthanasia Essays: Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act :: Free Euthanasia Essay

mercy killing and the hurting Relief advancement Act   President Clinton give tongue to that the key question regarding the Nickles/Lieberman disoblige Relief furtherance Act is whether the bill as writ ecstasy would have a chilling effect on doctors write music for imposition easiness on terminally ill patients.   The question he raised is a testable proposition. Language almost identical to that found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act has been enacted in ten-spot states in recent years - and the effect of much(prenominal) language on the use of knock-down(a) pain relief medication such as morphia has been dramatically positive.   There is considerable data from states passing new laws against assisted suicide since 1992. During this period, ten states passed new laws that ban advisedly assisting suicide (or that strengthen existing bans), including language that affirms the use of medications to control pain yet when this may unintentionally enlarge t he risk of exposure of death. Data on morphine use from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) show that per capita use of morphine always increased in these states afterward, sometimes dramatically so (in Iowa, Rhode Island and South Dakota, morphine use doubled). The average change in morphine use in these ten states was an increase of over 50%.   During the same period, four-spot states passed laws against assisted suicide that did non include language affirming pain control like that found in the federal Pain Relief Promotion Act. regular here, there is little recount of a significant chilling effect on morphine use but per capita use of morphine tended to stay roughly the same or to increase only slightly. In these four states, where new bans on assisted suicide lacked the kind of positive language on pain control found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act, morphine use rose by an average of 3%.   Turning back to the ten states with language similar to that of the Pain Relief Promotion Act, one can reasonably predict that the impact of passing the federal Act would be even more positive for pain control, for the following reasons   1. These states actually passed new bans (or established new civil penalties for doctors) where none previously existed. By contrast, in the vast volume of states the Pain Relief Promotion Act establishes no new ban at all - it is already a state crime (and/or a violation of state medical exam licensing standards) to assist suicide, and thus an automatic violation of the federal Controlled Substances Act to use a federally controlled drug in such a practice.Free Euthanasia Essays Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act Free Euthanasia Essay Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act   President Clinton said that the key question regarding the Nickles/Lieberman Pain Relief Promotion Act is whether the bill as written would have a chilling effect on doctors writing medication for pain relief on ter minally ill patients.   The question he raised is a testable proposition. Language almost identical to that found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act has been enacted in ten states in recent years - and the effect of such language on the use of powerful pain relief medication such as morphine has been dramatically positive.   There is considerable data from states passing new laws against assisted suicide since 1992. During this period, ten states passed new laws that ban intentionally assisting suicide (or that strengthen existing bans), including language that affirms the use of medications to control pain even when this may unintentionally increase the risk of death. Data on morphine use from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) show that per capita use of morphine always increased in these states afterward, sometimes dramatically so (in Iowa, Rhode Island and South Dakota, morphine use doubled). The average change in morphine use in these ten states was an increase o f over 50%.   During the same period, four states passed laws against assisted suicide that did not include language affirming pain control like that found in the federal Pain Relief Promotion Act. Even here, there is little evidence of a significant chilling effect on morphine use but per capita use of morphine tended to stay about the same or to increase only slightly. In these four states, where new bans on assisted suicide lacked the kind of positive language on pain control found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act, morphine use rose by an average of 3%.   Turning back to the ten states with language similar to that of the Pain Relief Promotion Act, one can reasonably predict that the impact of passing the federal Act would be even more positive for pain control, for the following reasons   1. These states actually passed new bans (or established new civil penalties for doctors) where none previously existed. By contrast, in the vast majority of states the Pain Relief Promotion Act establishes no new ban at all - it is already a state crime (and/or a violation of state medical licensing standards) to assist suicide, and thus an automatic violation of the federal Controlled Substances Act to use a federally controlled drug in such a practice.