Fashion Blogging - the Impact on Sales Essay Example for Free

stylus Blogging the Impact on Sales EssayThus, we first investigate whether web logging activity leads to ( contrastingial) grocery bug takes. We then establish whether managerial communication (magazines announce) and web logging be synergistic. We assemble a unique selective information set from devise containing market outcomes ( sales), parvenu media ( web logs) and tralatitious media (magazines advertizement) for a brand of wearing, and a brand of home. Each category has at to the lowest degree ace product plunk during the duration of our sample periods.We specify a simultaneous equation log-linear outline for market outcomes and the volume of communicates. Our upshots suggest that communicates argon addressive of market outcomes, impudent and conventional media act synergistically, pre- arrange magazines denote spurs blogging activity just now become less putive post-launch and that market outcomes create some effect on blogging. We find det ailed support for some of these findings via a unique and novel schoolbook mining analysis. We con ecstasyd the managerial implications of our findings.I-Introduction Consumer generated media (CGM) such as blogs (a contraction of the term Web logs) have witnessed explosive growth in the brave few years. For example, the tot up of blogs worldwide is estimated to be 184 millions with a readership of 346 million ( touch 2010). In contrast, in March 2003, the number of blogs was essentially zero. Other types of CGM have also seen similar growth patterns, e. g. , Facebook, which started in February 2004, now has just close to 400 million members worldwide (February 2011).There ar also indications that blogs are now organism seen as similar to mainstream media sites the number of blog sites in the top 100 nigh popular sites (blogs and mainstream media) worldwide was twenty- ii in 2008 and blogs were being viewed by consumers as sites for in the altogethers, information, gossip etc. (2008). In 2010, quadruple of the top ten entertainment sites were blogs (March 2010). It is clear from these statistics that thither is consider qualified activity (multi- media posting, blogging, visits, traffic etc. ) on the part of consumers.However, an definitive question, from a managerial perspective, is whether this activity leads to (differential) business outcomes such as sales or profits. In addition, itty-bitty is known about the relationship surrounded by traditional or old(a) media (where the company creates matter and delivers it to consumers) and consumer generated, or red-hot, media (where consumers create centre and there in an exchange of this content betwixt other consumers and potentially, the company). That is, are there any synergies between untried media and old media?In this research, we take the first step towards answering these questions. Blogging is perchance the most established and largest form of consumer generated media at this engi neer in time. The total worldwide viewership of blogs is estimated to be about 346 million (March 2010). Wikipedia defines as a blog as a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. Blogging is a worldwide phenomenon with the two biggest blogging markets being the coupled States and Japan. The number of blogs in the United States is about 23 million (about 12% of all US internet users) and about 8 million in Japan (about 5% of all Japanese Internet users) in 2009. However, if cardinal examines the total number of posts by language, Japanese language posts account for 37% of all posts worldwide followed closely by face language posts at 36%. Finally, readership of blogs in these two markets is ery high about half of all Internet users in the US and about one-fifth of all Japanese Internet users have read a blog in the past year. While there are many informal opinions on the effectiveness of CGM in general (and blogs in exceptional) vis-a-vis market outcomes, there is limited empirical research that sheds f assembly line on this issue, especially for the launch of refreshedfangled products. The legal age of the existing research has focused on online manducate (newsgroup postings, reviews and ratings) and its effect on market outcomes. There is some evidence that volume of online user ratings is irrefutablely check to sales.Blogging, on the other hand, has been seen as a unique type of user generated content as being a extremely personal, non-directed communication tool. As Kumar (2005) none, blogs are unique for sociological reasons they comprise a highly dynamic, temporal community structure that focuses heavily on local community interactions and for technical reasons blogs offer us a ready-make view of evolution (of content) in continuous time. In addition, blogging acti vity was probably the most pervasive CGM activity on the web during the time of our selective information.Given these unique characteristics of blogs as opposed to reviews, it is not obvious that bloggers activity should affect market outcomes. Surprisingly, there is truly little research that has tried to fix the effect of blogs on market outcomes, especially in the presence of traditional media and/or an examination of pre- and post-launch changes in the role of old and new media. Two recent empirical pieces have focused on blogs and market outcomes. Dhar and Chang (2009) explore the relationship between music album sales (imputed via sales ranks on Amazon. om) and online scold (as seen in blogs and on social networks). Using 108 music albums in early 2007 (before four weeks and after four weeks of their release), they find a positive correlation between both the number of blogs and Myspace member intensity with rising music sales. Gruhl (2005) propose a new methodology to a utomatically generate a query of blog keywords to detect spikes in Amazon. coms book sales rank. They conclude that their new algorithm could adequately predict the changes and spikes of future sales ranks.Thus, while these two studies suggest that there whitethorn be a correlation between blogging activity and market outcomes, they do not use actual sales entropy but only sales ranks from Amazon. com. To the best of our knowledge, the fleck issue that we outline above the positive relationship between traditional media and new media has not been investigated in the literature. Our expectation is that there bequeath be a positive correlation between the quantity of traditional media and new media as traditional media is likely to provide treatment materials for bloggers.From a managerial perspective this issue is crucial, as managers have no direct control everyplace CGM (blogs in our case). However, if there is indeed a synergistic relationship between traditional media, whi ch are low managerial control, and new media, which are outside managerial control, then managers outhouse leverage this relationship. Specifically, they clear turn tail out better resource allocation and media planning (to traditional media) as they can take the spillover effect (from traditional to new media) into consideration.We examine the role of new media with respect to market outcomes as well as the relationship between new media and traditional media using data of two different clothing and shoes brand that are both promoted in fashion blogs. We consider the number of units sold, customers or subscribers (all a placeholder for demand) as market outcomes, blogs as correctations of consumer generated media and magazines publicizing as traditional media. We specify a simultaneous equation model that golf links sales to advertising and blogs as well as a model that links blogs to advertising.Our results, after controlling for many temporal and cross-sectional factors, suggest that first, the volume of Blogstock (cumulative sum of past blog posts) is positively correlated with market outcomes (volume of clothing sold, and the volume of shoes sold) post launch. Second, the interaction between blogs and magazines advertising has a positive effect on market outcomes. Third, we also find that traditional media (magazines advertising) positively affects new media (the volume of blogs) pre launch. In other words, bloggers consume advertising, independent of the product, and this ncreases their blogging activity. Finally, we find that the effect of blogs varies between pre and post launch. In general, the positive relationship between magazines advertising and the volume of blogs pre-launch becomes weaker after launch. This result suggests that while magazines advertising can independently increase blogging pre-launch via the provision of information and content, post-launch (i. e. , once the product is available), consumers may rely less on traditional media, leading to a much weaker relationship between new and old media at that point.These last three sets of results shed light on the possibility that, broadly speaking, advertising and blogs act synergistically (with the relationship ever-changing somewhat post-launch). The process explanations for our findings is not obvious. We take the first step in eliciting process explanations by carrying out a novel textbook mining analysis of the blog posts for the two markets (shoes and clothing) for which we have access to the textual content data. The findings from the text mining analysis suggest that blogs may affect market outcomes as they represent a rich source of product information and consumer opinion for other consumers.Also, bloggers do use advertising as a subject for blogging pre-launch but turn their attention to product attributes post-launch. II-Data Our data come from fashion market. We consider data from two brands clothing and shoes. We first describe the market out come data for individually product market and then we describe the measurement of traditional and new media. III-Market Outcomes The periodic sales of clothings were made available for the total fashion market based on a nationally representative consumer panel.The data include daily sales of two new pieces of clothing introduced in the period from January 2013 to March 2013. For shoes, the outcome variable we use is based on the same principle. We have data of two new models that were released (launched) in the period from January 2013 to March 2013. IV-Traditional Media The traditional marketing variable we use is magazines advertising. This was measured in units of daily or monthly Gross Rating Points (GRPs). There are some differences in the patterns of magazines advertising pre and post launch across the two brands.For clothing, most of the advertising is post launch. Typically, commercial ads in this market begin to air about five days pre launch and then the heavier advert ising kicks in post launch. In contrast, for shoes, pre-release magazines GRPs are larger (on average) than the post-release magazines GRPs. Specifically, peak advertising for shoes was, not surprisingly, a week before its launch particular date in order to generate high demand at the time of the opening. V-New Media We obtain blogging data from blog 1 (www. leblogdebetty. com) for clothing data and blog 2 (www. sorayabakhtiar. com) for the shoes data.Both the brands scan and index the two blogging sites on a daily basis using keywords with coverage of about 64% of all blog articles. They then aggregate the data and provide the count of the daily number of blogs that mention a particular keyword on a specific temporal period such as day or month (multiple mentions in the same temporal unit are counted as one). As is typical for most blogs, its table of table of contents appear in a reversal chronological order and also include the bloggers profile, trackbacks (links video display other websites, typically other blogs, that a blog is linked to), and comments.Buzz Research archives the contents of all blog posts. It also carries out lexical analysis of the contents of apiece tracked blog by using a proprietary text- mining method and classifies each blog as positive, negatively charged and/or electroneutral with respect to a given keyword. We therefore have access to the actual content of all posts as well as the daily percentage of positive, negative and neutral blogs for the movies and cellular recall service markets. There is big increase in the average number of blogs per period post launch in all two brands.Interestingly, for the two brands markets where we have valence data, the biggest growth is in the percentage of neutral blogs post launch. To illustrate the relationship between marketing outcomes and both traditional and new media, we pick a product across our two brand markets. The figure suggests that magazines advertising, blog volume and shoe s buyer are temporally correlated. Dividing the data temporally at the date of release we see that magazines GRPs and the number of blogs exhibit an change magnitude trend pre-release, but a decreasing one post-release.While we illustrate a typical data pattern through this example, the pattern is not identical for all brands across product markets. In conclusion, these data are novel in the sense that they combine marketing data for both traditional and new media along with market outcomes from a market where new media have proven to be important (at least in terms of activity). Our data are also novel in the sense that they enable us to focus on new product launches. In addition, the fact that we have data from two different brand markets (frequently purchased consumer goods) with varying characteristics (e. . , more versus fewer new product launches) will help us charm if the relationship between market outcomes and new media as well as the relationship between new media and tr aditional media generalizes across product markets. Finally, the availability of the actual blog post text (for two categories) opens up the possibility to conduct a deeper text-mining analysis. VI-Managerial Implications So far, we have discussed the findings purely from a statistical point of view. However, it may be useful to translate these findings in a manner that uantifies the effect sizes from a managerial point of view. We therefore ran two try outs the first to get a sense of how managers could change resource allocation and the second to see how managers could use blog data to improve sales forecasts. In the first experiment, we use the estimates from the clothing market data. To illustrate short-term cause, in the experiment, we assumed there were only three periods, two in the pre-release and one in the post-release. Recall that blogging is outside the control of managers.We therefore used the marketing instrument under managerial control in our data set traditiona l magazines advertising. In the experiment, we increased the Adstock by one percent in the first pre-release period. The output we measured was the percentage increase in the size of the daily volume sold in the post-release period. A ten percent increase in the Adstock results in a 3. 3 percent increase in the number of blogs at the second pre-release period. As a result of this increase in the Adstock, we find that the net increase in the sales volume is 2. 1 percent.A decomposition of this boilers suit increase due to traditional media versus new media suggested that the increase in the Adstock directly enhances the sales by 0. 13 percent while the interaction between blogging and advertising increases the sales by 0. 1 percent. Furthermore, the largest and most significant increase in the sales volume at post-launch is led by the mediate impact from advertising via blogging activity, which accounts for 1. 9 percent. Similar experiment for the other product markets also support these findings with the overall effect being slightly smaller for shoes (0. 4%). In addition to simulating the short-term effects of advertising, we use a simulation setting similar to the above experiments and expand the time horizon from one period to ten periods. The largest indirect effect of the ten percent increase in Adstock decays slower than do the other two effects across two product categories. The peaks of the indirect effects are set at the third period for the clothing and at the second period for the shoes. These are resulted from the larger estimates of the endure constants ofAdstock and Blogstock at post-launch in the blog equations. In the second experiment, we hold out the last observation from each brand and re-estimated the model. We then use the model estimates for prediction and computed the difference in the predicted value and the actual data across all the held out observations. We do this for the wide of the mark model and a restricted version of the f ull model where the response coefficients for the number of blogs and the cumulative number of blogs were set to zero.Thus, the difference in prediction (based on the Root Mean Square Deviation) between these two models shows the extent to which the use of blog data can improve sales forecasts. The improvement in RMSD is very high for shoes, and modest for clothing. VII-Conclusion, Limitations and Directions for Future Research This paper adds to the very limited, but rapidly growing field of research into the effectiveness of new media, especially in the case of new product launches.Using a unique dataset from two product markets (a major new media market), we are able to combine into a single source, data on market outcomes, traditional media (magazines advertising) and new media (volume and content of blogs). We used a simultaneous equation model to capture the effect of new media on market outcomes and the effect of market outcomes on new media. While this in itself is somewhat novel, we were also able to include the major marketing activity (mgazines advertising) in both equations, both directly and via interactions.Thus this allows us to investigate two open questions in this domain (a) whether new media (blogging activity in our case) leads to (differential) market outcomes and (b) whether traditional marketing actions (i. e. , magazines advertising) and new media act synergistically. We also make a first attempt, to the best of our knowledge, to use the content of the blog posts to shed process light on our econometric findings via a careful and methodical text mining analysis.Using data from clothing, and shoes brands, we find that patterns across the two categories showing clear linkages between traditional media, new media and market outcomes. In general, we find that cumulative blogs (Blogstock) are predictive of market outcomes, blogs and magazines advertising act synergistically, pre-launch advertising spurs blogging activity (that is predictive of marketing activity) but becomes less effective in generate blogging activity post- launch and market outcomes also do have some effect on blogging activity.Our text mining results provide additional support for some of these findings. From a managerial point of view, in the experiment using clothing estimation results, we find that a one percent increase in the traditional marketing instrument (magazines advertising) leads to a median increase in market outcomes of 0. 2%, with a majority of the increase coming from the increase in blogging activity generated by the advertising pre-launch.Our analyses do also have a few limitations (driven mostly by the nature of the data). First, as noted earlier, the aggregate nature of our data makes it very hard to offer micro-level causal explanations of the effectiveness of new media and the synergistic relationship between new and traditional media. While our text mining analyses shed some light on our findings, it would be very beneficia l to obtain datasets that link individual activity to market outcomes for a larger variety of new media.Second, our measures of new media are at present limited to blog content volume and in two product markets, keywords and valence. ). Third, our model could be improved with the potential use of non-parametric models to model the effects of both old and new media and the associated interactions. Finally, our data do not contain information on all marketing instruments and therefrom we use proxies (such as lagged sales in the case of distribution). We hope that with better data, future research will be able to address these limitations.

Elder Care Case Study Essay Example for Free

Elder cautiousness Case Study EssayMr. Trosack is a 72 year old man who fell slew a long flight of stairs a month ago, underwent a total hip shift and is in compulsion of a carry image. He completed two weeks of reformation in the infirmary for his hip as wellnessy as diabetic teaching for his new onset of Diabetes. It was also observed during this hospitalization that he needed to start taking medication for hypertension. Both he and his family atomic number 18 in defensive structure about what it ordain sequestrate to remove him photographic plate and deliver the care that is needed. Healthcare Issues and their grandeurDischarge planning and management with an elderly person can make very complicated and should be approached with an open mind and the willingness to compromise with the family and affected role himself, keeping in mind that the safety of the uncomplaining is evanesce priority. Before Mr. Trosack can safely be triald home several issues confi rm to be considered. It is all-important(a) that the aspect manager meet with the patient, his family as well as find out about the inside information of where he will be going and how much assistance from family and friends is avail adequate and depend qualified. One of the issues that take economic aid is his animal(prenominal) preparation to move back home. In his current state, he is not qualified to take care of himself without help. Based on the interview of his son and daughter in law, as well as taking into consideration their lack of help prior to the surgery, it doesnt bet that they will be suitable to visit him often or consistently. That will not work immediately because Mr. Trosack will need periodical assistance, for several to a greater extent weeks. A rehabilitation center may be his best option in order to ensure his safety and suspend another fall.He will be able to lapse physical therapy sessions in order to continue to improve as well as round the qu antify help when needed. He would receive more stair climbing training, hip change exercises as well as pace training. Attending the rehab program would also allow him to sociableize with people facing identical obstacles and adjusting to a new way of living. An Occupational Therapist (OT) can be consulted to assist with adjusting to his activities of daily living. move monitor of his new medications as well as extra help with inception sugar monitoring may help him deal with the denial of his new onset of Diabetes and Hypertension. The specialists at the rehab center will be able to assess and confine when Mr. Trosack is ready to go home and can be independent with stripped assistance. Preparing him properly the initial fourth dimension can vacate other accidents as well as strike him to keep working on his strength and endurance.Another important issue to consider earlier discharge planning is the safety of his home. Assessing and making changes to his living conditio ns is a moldiness. After the safety assessment was completed it was overt that changes had to be made at home to accommodate a person with new disabilities. Since the apartment is cluttered, it must be cleaned up. There are several memorable treasures that he has at home presently they are hazards because of their location. They do not commit to be don out tho they do have to be moved. The kitchen, bathroom, living room, entry way and one bedroom all need to be free of throw rugs, collectables and furniture that blocks the passage of a walker.There are two rooms in his apartment so one should be bugger off a storage area for all of the clutter until Mr. Trosack has moved beyond a walker or cane. The bathroom necessitate to have permanent safety rails installed near the whoremonger and bathtub or shower as well as a non-skid applied to the bathtub surface. The medical specialty cabinet should be cleaned out and all expired or unnecessary medications discarded or returned to a pharmacy. The kitchen is in good order but the refrigerator needs to be cleaned and the expired intellectual nourishment impel out. The living area needs to have minimal furniture and placed so things are slow accessible and not in the flow of traffic. Night lights or motion sensors need to be added to avoid a fall when he checks up at night to use the bathroom. Addressing the stairs is not a simple solution.As long as Mr. Trosack is able to walk those stairs following a discharge from the rehab then he can move back home. Side rails on both sides need to be secure and easily accessible to him at a safe level for him to hold on to. Some apartment complexes have added elevators or elevator chairs, if that is an option then that would be fantastic. These issues need to be addresses to avoid another injury at home such as a fall. Mr. Trosacks new diagnosing of Diabetes and Hypertension need to be addressed. There are many psychosocial issues with his new disabilities and diagnosis . These are important because he needs to be able to accept his disabilities and take care of his health, in order to avoid sincere complications, heal and cope. It is clear that Mr. Trosack is having a difficult eon accepting his new medical diagnosis as well as not beingness able to be independent.His comments about being able to consider it all himself at home but yet communicating his frustrations by having to take medications and not being able to get up and bolt down the stairs speak volumes. Continued diabetic teaching may help him understand the importance of food choices and listening to his bodys signals of low or elevated squanderer sugar levels. Even after discharge from the rehab center Mr. Trosack should continue having a home health accommodate in for periodic visits since it may be difficult to get to doctors visits to check blood haul and blood glucose. A portable glucose monitor and automatic blood pressure should be purchased and kept at home. The mental preparation and coping mechanisms will need to be addressed prior to leaving the rehabilitation center. Denial from the patient and family tells the health care group that teaching needs to be done in all areas and with all heath care team members.Team Members and their RolesDischarge planning for an elderly patient requires a team of health care professionals as well as family members working together in order to have a successful transition to home. The case manager needs to be in charge of organizing the team and following Mr. Trosacks progress in order to direct the team based on his changing needs. A Physical Therapist has been working with Mr. Trosack in rehab and that work needs to continue. He needs to improve stair climbing and increase his strength. He will need to work on a generalize exercise program as well as specific gait, balance wheel and coordination to help him become independent at home.He will need to learn to use a walker and cane. Research supports the clos e effective interventions to manage falls risk are those that incorporate exercise and that exercise program needs to be structured, progressed, and must achieve the minimum dose of exercise (Shubert, 2011). An Occupational Therapist (OT) should be complicated with evaluating Mr. Trosack and making sure he and his house is ready for his return.Occupational therapy services include comprehensive evaluations of the home and other environments and recommendations on equipment and training as well as guidance and education for family members. They try to accommodate the environment to fit the person. (AOTA, 2012). Mr. Trosacks son or associate should work with the OT to coordinate the bathroom safety forbid and no skid flooring as well as making sure all lavishness furniture and collectables are placed in the second bedroom. A dietician should educate him on how to tack together diabetic and heart healthy meals. Diabetic teaching is so important for patients living alone. If he d oes not take his diabetic diet seriously he may end up with inconsistent blood sugars which in turn can lead to unstable mental status and generalized motor weakness.A Social proletarian will be able to assist Mr. Trosack and family with financial and social needs. The Social doer can assist with completing paperwork for financial assistance and medical equipment needs. Mr. Trosack may be able to get financial assistance for medical equipment such as safety bars for his house, stair lifts, and exercise equipment. The social worker can also assist in getting him meal delivery and get the patient involved in round social activities. Coordinating family visits and family assistance should be done with the Social Worker and should be coordinated based on lack of outside assistance.Social workers are challenged to enable patients and families to have control over decision making regarding their discharge planning(Kadushin Kulys, 1993).They are trained to help patients and families h elp themselves. The social worker can help the family identify resources such as home health aids to come to the house when family cannot. Social Workers are also trained in counseling and may be able to help the patient and family cope with the transition. A Home Health Agency could send in a Registered Nurse (RN), Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) or a Certified Nurses Assistant (CAN) to monitor blood sugars, monitor blood pressure, monitor medications and continue teaching on all of those as well as assist in his Activities of Daily Living (ADL). This team needs to work with Mr. Trosacks physician who over computes the plan of care, helps determine services and assists if consults or reports needed for insurance reasons.SafetySafety one of the main c formerlyrns when discharging a patient. The case manager needs to know that the patient is ready and equipped to make a smooth-spoken transition so he will not be readmitted to the hospital shortly after discharge. As discussed in the assessment, Mr. Trosack cannot be discharged home because of several safety concerns. He is not strong comely to climb the stairs, his home is not ready to receive him in its current state, he and his family are in denial of his needs, and the team has not been established to assist him, so it is not safe to send him home. If he is able to continue Physical Therapy he should gain enough strength to climb up and down once he arrives home.In his home, many areas need to be cleaned of clutter so he doesnt trip or fall. He will most likely be using an assistive wile such as a walker or cane and they can easily become caught up in rugs or furniture. A clear path around the apartment in required and gait training will be part of his therapy. Taking into consideration all the safety issues that will determine another fall or even more serious complications it should be strongly suggested by the case worker that Mr. Trosack continue in an inpatient rehabilitation facility in order to give him time to improve his strength, health and coping mechanisms. This will also give him and his family time to process his needs when he comes home as well as get the home and services needed.Discharge Plan inescapablyFamily is a necessary part of discharge planning. In this case, Mr. Trosacks only family member isnot able to assist him adequately to meet his needs and avoid an injury or readmission. His son and family are too busy and his brother is elderly. Depending on this family for necessary daily needs is not realistic. Along with not being prepared physically, they appear to be in the same mind frame as Mr. Trosack regarding the denial of new medical diagnosis as well as his physical restrictions. Teaching needs to become a priority and the team may be able to help with realistic goals for the family. This is where the social worker and home health nurse could be of most assistance.Mr. Trosack will need to have some sort of meals on wheels delivery of food when he returns home. It may be temporary but should start out that way to avoid wanting(p) meals. After he is comfortable and capable of preparing his own food he may opt to have the grocery store deliver a few times a week. Also grocery delivery should be requested. The family can help do some of the legwork for his arrival home. They need to be educated on what are needs and wants for a patient coming home from a hip replacement so that they know what they need to do and what they need to outsource to private agencies. Educating them will hopefully allow them to see that Mr. Trosacks is in need of help even though he denies it.Social IsolationOur mental and physical states of health depend on each other. After any life altering surgery old(a) adults end up socializing much less if their activities of daily living are affected. In Mr. Trosacks case, he will need to stay in physical rehabilitation longer and will not be as independent as before the fall. A expressage physical mobility usually me ans limited social interaction. Limited social interaction can decrease his motivation to continue exercising and strengthening his body and could lead gain to depression. Familiarity and stability are essential in order for him to be able to cope and heal (Nichols Riemer, 2008).His social interaction with his family may be strained because they are focused on helping take care of his physical needs and not focused on laughing, having fun and enjoying time together.Psychological FactorsA humans thoughts, feelings and attitudes all influence their behaviors those behaviors then begin to determine how they will handle try on. Having a hip replacement is frustrating and stressful for patients and families not only because of the physical changes but psychological. Mr. Trosack is used to caring for himself and is now not going to be able to do that. The sudden lifestyle change is an added stressor that he needs help to cope with. If stress becomes persistent and low-level, all parts of the bodys stress apparatus (the brain, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and muscles) become chronically over-activated or under-activated. Such chronic stress may enkindle physical or psychological damage over time (University of Maryland, 2009).Mr. Trosack should be encouraged to get some cognitive behavioral therapy either one on one or support groups once he is moving around more easily. It will be important for the health care team once Mr. Trosack goes home, to motivate him to keep up with exercises, proper diet, relaxation techniques, and continually monitor stressors involved. Mr. Trosack has already shown signs on denial with his new medical problems. He is not happy to have to take medications and if he does not get help to understand and accept his new medical conditions he will run into an even further disabling state. He has lived in his home for many years so it is best to do everything possible to make that happen.RecommendationAs stated earlier, the inpatient rehabi litation center is the recommended place from Mr. Trosack to go to before heading home. He needs the extra attention and encouragement in order to be able to take care of himself. He is not strong enough to move back to his house nor is his house ready to receive him. His family support is will not be consistent, soother arrangements need to be made for meals and window pane as well as activities of daily living. He may not accept the idea of more rehab because he really wants to get home but hopefully after teaching him the importance of doing things rights the first time to avoid another fall, he may agree. He also needs to be apprised that the teams goal is to get him home as quickly as possible, so the harder he works the high-velocity he may get home and become more independent. The team needs to try to avoid having him move from the place he has lived in and loves.ReferenceShubert, T. (2011). Evidence based exercise prescription for balance and falls prevention. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 34(3), 100-108. The American Occupation Therapy Association (AOTA). (2012). Retrieved from http//www.aota.org/consumers.aspx Kadushin, G. Kulys, R. (1993, November). Discharge planning revisited what do social workers actually do in discharge planning?. Social Work, 38, 713-726. Nichols, T., Riemer, M. (2008, June). Post surery social isolation. insertion deivered at 17th world concil of enterostomal therapists (wcet) congress , Ljubljana, Slovenia. Retrieved from http//www.hollister.com/us/files/pdfs/ce09/psychosocial/910298.pdf University of Maryland. (2009, February 13). Stress. Retrieved from http//www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/stress_000031.htm

Understanding specific needs in Health Social Care

Understanding specialised necessitates in Health Social chargeUnderstanding the particularized needs in Health Social CargonTable of Content mentionTable of ContentIntroduction1.1 Roles of the wellness apprehension agencies1.2 Epidemiology of non infectious diseaseEpidemiology of infectious disease1.3 intensity of different strategies and approaches2.1 Regulate wellnesscargon methods2.2 Relationship of health and affable c ar supporter provision2.3 authorized lifestyle choices lead to future health and loving assistant3.1 Health and puff upbeing priorities3.2 Encouraging behavioural changes3.3 Changes needed for improving Health and wellbeingConclusionRecommendationsReferencesIntroductionWith step up any doubt, health is the most cardinal f goor for a invigoration being. A persons life is depended on the well-being of health, non to mention each the steadfast activities ar centered towards this. But with the increasing difficulties in regular living is making th is rattling health deteriorating each day. It is truly cardinal for mass ample deal to hear the prefatory of health dynamics. With the changes in the natural spectrum, huge changes oblige too taken place in human race needs regarding needs of health and mixer care run. Not only the pattern has changed overtime, provided overly the perception towards these is transformed drastically.1.1 The core concept- health changes in perception regarding health and coursely care servicesThe fundamental pattern of health and neighborly care is changed due to revolution in the need regarding this. there are confused macro factors contributing to this, alongside the micro ones. In various countries, there are mammoth changes in the demographic pattern and the health literacy which has changed the self-coloured landscape of health and social care services. To understand the perception of changing health and social care services it is in truth fundamental to understand the underl ying concepts uniform normality, disability, illness etc.NormalityNormality which is also known as normalcy depicts the behavior which is consistent with an individuals most frequent behavior in terms of health factors. It is in truth vast term to describe and it in many cases it changes with the context. When it comes down to the definition of health, this normality is a very operative concept. A healthy state chiefly stands for normal and sound process of all the functions that drives a human being. Clinically normality represents the consistency between the bodily and psychological functions. The reverse is generally known as abnormality.DisabilityDisability means partial or organic forfeiture of a persons bodily function which could be motor functionality, walking etc. As mentioned originally this loss could be partial or complete and this could even be from birth. A person office have one disability or he could have multiple disabilities which could be ostensible for fa ce loss of a limb or it could also be in hidden form for illustration epilepsy or post-polio syndrome. Some types of disabilities are multiple-sclerosis, spina bifida etc. on that point was time when there was a norm in the society which permitted the stigma and discrimination. People tend to avoid and stigmatize the person with illness, disabilities and it kept going on for a long period of time. The ultimate result of this was that it made the whole situation way more(prenominal) difficult for the affected person and consequentially, it becomes really hard for them to recover from the illness. The problem of mental illness is a common phenomenon for example at some point of life pop of every four people generally experiences mental health problem. Still approximately one in every ten children faces various mental health problems. With the changes in the condition health and social care services have changed drastically. On the positive side, the stigmatization and discriminatio n have been reduced signififannytly due to continuous awareness in mass level.1.2 collision of social polity, legislation and culture on availability of servicesIn the firmament of health and social care, social polity along with legislation and culture play a neat role when it comes to availability of necessary service for each a group of individuals having specific needs. If the social policy does non support the support the specific needs and patronize it in favorable way so it go away become impossible to lead life in a favorable way. The legislation, in this case, is very important both on individual and mass level. For example, right now it is secretary of states responsibility to promote comprehensive health service all over UK which testament lead to significant improvement in physical as well as mental health of the individual in addition to this, the service volition wait on in not only the prevention but also the diagnosis of mental and physical issues. The out come of the health and social care services will be measured ground on the useful, quality and the experience of the line of worked persons.In this regard, only legislation and policy will not suffice in the long run. To make this kind of practice sustainable and shenanigan the system in such flexible way so that the changes can be made whenever it is necessary. To derive this objective, the services required for the individuals with specific needs have to sour into a culture which people will adhere to follow, not for just the sake of legislation that has to be followed in formal manner.2.1 the mechanism of keep individual with specific needsTo attain this objective, the services required for the individuals with specific needs have to turned into a culture which people will adhere to follow, not for just the sake of legislation that has to be followed in formal manner. There are been number of cases of where health and social care do not realize in harmony when it is about the meeting the specific needs of the individuals. Every year total number of people in UK requiring both health and social care is on an increasing trend. middling for example, total percentage of individuals crossing eighty five will double in the next twenty dollar bill years which will arouse the complex needhttps//www.gov.uk/government/policies/making-sure-health-and-social-care-services-work-togetherof health care as well as social care. By complex need of health care we refer to multiple health problem at the same time which need to be backed up by the social care services. So far the most glaring issue is that, these two are not collaborating as per expected level. And this is turning into a big problem for the service takers. For example, a person after staying a while in hospital requiring final interposition is trying to know how many days he might have stay after treatment. Over the period of time, being in hospital became a gruesome experience for him but this mental issue is mostly overlooked. This is just a representation of common scenario fetching place most often. In many cases, one important parts either health care or social care is missing. When health and service care is joined up and precondition properly to the people, that has the highest probability of meeting individual need. This concept should be put into model and later on, it will work as a guiding principal for the health care and social care service providers.2.2 evaluaiton of currently available system servicesGenerally it is perceived that, when two services- health care and social care are collaborated it must be very beneficial for the people who are taking this service as well as for the service providers. But yet this notion is to be supported by number of facts.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14629210there is an study done by Brown L, Tucker C by to rate the readiness of the currently available system of health care and social care to meet the specific needs o f the individuals. This study more of less represents the current scenario of available systems. The study was conducted among a group of elderly persons who were given both health care and social care. In the initial stage the result was very much aspiring. The health care and social care needs were assessed successfully and in a apropos manner. This was like a one stop approach for two big aspects catering the individual needs. The whole process of communication of the issue, understanding the aspect and the exchange of required information was drastically improved but it comes down to implementation this seemed not to work properly. correct though the individual need assessed properly, the problem started in the implementation level. The implementation of the service was not satisfactory because of the duly implementation as well as the follow up process. Innovation in the frame of implementation can play a great role as well as the change in implementation process also. Even though two entities giving health and social care services have the same goal they have different organizational structure, ideology and working process. During the implementation phase, it becomes very difficult to accommodate both services in subsequent point of time. So far in nationwide analysis, the same problem is been observed. Even though the general perception is that, the outcome has to be good naturally the fact is quite the opposite. In many cases the efficacy of current model is questioned thoroughly. To make these two services more appropriate and effective for the individual needs it is very important to do the organizational and legal fixes rather than just think inaugural hand coordination portion.3.1 understanding approaches intervention strategies supporting individual specific needsThere can be a number of ways to support the individual need with health care and social care, but it is very important to come up with the best strategy and blend it effectively. Here the argufy is, each individual aspect for example health care can be appropriate in its own stance but when it comes to collaboration the approach will be different. Let us conceive a common scenario- Autism where it is very important to use the perfect strategy to meet the individual specific need.Since there is hardly any permanent cure for autism, the professional bodies use a number of approaches that aid the concern in different ways. The most challenging aspect in this case is, there are never two individuals with exact same case of autism where a approach might perfect work one person, whereas the same approach will fail with slightly different case.http//www.autism.org.uk/living-with-autism/strategies-and-approaches.aspxbefore coming up with the exact approach it is highly important to gather all the relevant data pertaining to the autism for that specific individual. In addition to this, dealing with this is a long term approach, so while choosing the method one mus t be very careful and plan down the line what might take place. One stock(a) startup intervention procedure is health and service based intervention. Apart from the health and service based intervention The starting intervention could be like behavioral and developmental intervention, motor and sensory intervention, counselor-at-law etc.Health and service based intervention takes places in multiple phases and it needs to be mean beforehand. Standard Health and service based intervention is planned based on the focus to incessantly uphold the well being of the individual with autism which will require a vast range of treatment and therapies as well as well a number of sociological approach. The common scenario is to use alteration of approaches and methods which generally intromit professional therapists, speech, langue therapist along with psychological therapists. This panel of therapists will be working together to ensure the proper development of the concern. This combinati on of different therapies is used with behavioral, motor sensory, augmentative in addition to alternative intervention method. Among these, the standard procedure of health care includes standard operational procedures like medication, psychotherapy, physiotherapy, speech pathology aiming at the development of speech and language. On the other hand, service based interventions generally include aiding people in grooming, development of social skills, day to day basis development on social skills, accessing the needs and change in those and respond accordingly. This is just the beginning. The challenge with autism is the lack of awareness and when people do not admit to have the autism. It is a common barrier for autism. The autism is most cases is invisible because it just hold few signs so it becomes really difficult what exact health and social care needs are required for he particular individual and how it can be tailored to maximize the benefits. Starting from the effortless religious rites to particular special activities, everything needs to be chalked out and it needs to done on a passing(a) basis. This is one approach dealing with the individual with autism. Another approach could be, after assessing all the possibilities, figuring out two or three most potential route to deal with the scenario and start trying those out in a controlled dressting for smaller time being. After getting the results, the best method will be carried forward. The disadvantage with this approach is that the change could have negative impact on the concern. That it is very important to access the health and social care needs thoroughly at first and then act on this. The social care support might be very extensive here, starting from the education it could end up in finding appropriate work. The employment service are designed in such a way that it suits individual abilities and needs and to make the approach successful the team of health and social care need to work clos ely with the family members, at least at the very first stage they need to collaborate with the concerned family to understand the early stage development s make love and ready the plan accordingly.3.2 need for development and support for individual with specific needSpecific development methods need to be applied for the individual with specific needs, more specifically showing different characteristics. Other than the social needs, the health and wellbeing need to be checked on a regular basis because at the end of the day, if he does not have the functioning body he wont be able to do anything else. For this purpose, the health needs have to identified thoroughly and plan the acts based on that. There could be a number of activities which the person has to undergo and for convenience, these should be turned into a ritual format so that it becomes easier. Apart from these, health improvement needs to be monitored on a regular basis. Other than this it will not be possible to trac k the whether the approach is right or wrong. There should scope for adaptions and improvisations to make the process much better and updated. 4.1 Strategies for coping up with challenges, potential impact of challenges and strategies to cope upWhile working in health and social care there are a number of scenarios posing specific challenges. Below are two of them-With the increasing access to information, people are right now more knowledgeable in various subjects, even it could be to small tip but with the blessing of technology information is on the fingertips. But analyzing this information is totally different issue. In most cases being a part of health and social care I have seen that, the parents or relatives of the person taking services are intruding into the operational procedure without having sufficient knowledge on the subject. It is very much possible that it happens because of their extra cautiousness towards the wellbeing of their closed ones. Since we have deal wit h concern usually on a long term basis it becomes very difficult to experience this kind of intrusion. Another challenge is to tailor the service with the given agenda and financial constrain. In many cases, it becomes very difficult to meet specific need by tailoring it as per the agenda given. This is mainly because of the endlessly changing demand and increasing public expectation. Since there are multiple entities involved in this procedure, it is very difficult to accommodate minor changes if that are done on a continuous basis.The potential impact of the challenging behavior on the health and social acre is that the health and social care givers have to be pretty much through regarding their understanding of the all the necessities and act accordingly. Starting from the planning, collaboration and execution phase they have to be very much cautious and the same time flexible regarding the plan. All the works need to be functionally assessed all the time and regular evaluation has become mandatory for the efficacy of the work.The core strategy to keep up with challenge is support from all the entities, be it the party taking the service or the one giving this. While dealing with the challenges clear target need to be set regarding the timeline, deliverables and all other specific activities. For working the with the challenging behaviors regarding specific needs it is very important to clearly communicate with the involved member, share the course of actions along with other specifications clearly. The rewards and sanctions will be set in such a way that it best suits and eases the operational procedure.

Behaviour Management for Motivation

deportment Management for MotivationIn this assignment, I bequeath be examining the flairs that instructors come the conduct of their enlightenes in a manner that encourages motif. I will look at how difficulties in break up are lie witht with by observing lessons in wretched attaining sets. By observing lessons in low attaining sets I hope to see a range of different difficulties macrocosm dealt with such(prenominal) as the aims of faith, resilience of the give instructionchilds and what techniques instructors utilize to engage their schoolchilds which I may non find as easy to fete in the high attaining sets. As well as this, by limiting myself to observing similarly attaining sets I hope to be able to compare the lesson observations much easily.I will be reviewing existing literature around this base originally observing several lessons to find start whether my findings are congruent with the existing literature or non and attempt to draw conclusions fr om what I find that might benefit my own practice.In my literature review I will look at the areas of want and behavior management separately onwards drawing the ideas together with the mathematical function of pertinent sources to apply to low attaining sets and the ways in which a teacher might best motivate and encourage their phase to learn. Then, victimization an existing observation form instruction on classroom management I will make notes on both teacher and savant actions, dispositions and other classroom events.Behaviour management instructor StrategiesMethods of managing classroom demeanour has been move away from penal in recent years and to a greater extent towards substantiative behavioural strategies (Mitchell Bradshaw, 2013). Mitchell and Bradshaw (2013) engraft that the convinced(p) reinforcement from the teacher fostered a constructive and supportive classroom environment for the savants which Oxley (2015) adds to when she talks ab kayoed building r elationships surrounded by students and faculty which she posits is highly important to soak up in regards to behaviour management with more challenging students.Whilst Department for Education. (2016) advises that it is in spite of appearance the rights of a teacher to impose sanctions on students for misbehaving in school, Oxley (2015) suggests that the most pieceive strategies are those that include the student in decisions do ab bring out behaviour management as contradictory to a decision impose purely by the teacher on the student. Oxley (2015) believes that subsequent punishments may in fact ca subroutine more problems than they solve operateing to a never-ending cycle of misbehaving and punishment. Oxley (2015) argues that sanctions are a form of inessential penury to change student behaviour yet it is native penury which is far more likely to lead to long term benefit which is a point that Murayama, Pekrun Lichtenfield (2013) also agree with, going on to expr ess that while extrinsic need, which could be sanctions or rewards for the students, may have an initial impact merely it is intrinsic motivation that leads to long term benefit. Along a similar vein, Reeve et al. (2004) found that extrinsic incentives may essentially circumvent students inner motives, potentially acting detrimentally to existing intrinsic motivation, when coupled with pressuring voice communication. oscilloscopeHallum and Ireson (2007) found in their study of teachers opinions that there was strong agreement with the idea that setting groups made behaviour management easier. Furthermore, when compared with another strong agreement with the opinion that a different approach is necessary when article of faith the less able students compared to the more able. Some potential reasons for this could be that the level that these lessons are being flip at is suitable to more students in turn keeping them engaged. According to Reeve et al. (2004) fitting is a predict or of achievement which also matches with the results of a study run on 15-year-old students employ centre of worry tracking software (Sajka Rosiek, 2015). An argument that they lay out forward was that part of the reason that the demoralize attaining students scored set down was due to them not being engaged with the sour, based on their eye positions and conk outments by means ofout.All together this implies that there could be impediment with engaging the whole class of students in a meld ability group which, as verbalise by Hallum and Ireson (2007), heavily relies on teacher skill in order to be a in(predicate) lesson. It is also worth being awake(predicate) that in the study run by Hallum and Ireson (2007) it was teacher responses that were tallied and as such is entirely self- narrationed opinion based which means that it may not be the most unquestionable source or appropriate to use beyond inferring teacher opinions.Lower attaining groupsSome teachers report that behaviour for engagement base be more of an issue in low attaining groups (Hallam Ireson, 2005). By looking at the findings of Reeve et al. (2004) which states that student engagement is directly relatable to consequent achievement. Seifert (2004) discusses the self-worth theory of achievement which states that some students may be attempting to protect their own self-worth and suggests that some students may be failure avoidant which can inhibit the willingness to attempt work and can result in negative statements about themselves as well as less advanced strategy usage (Dweck, 1986).The statistical analysis performed by Sund (2009) on a group of more than 80000 Swedish high school students found that lower attaining students performed better when placed with higher(prenominal) achieving students whereas the higher achieving students were observed to have had no significant difference.Motivation in the classroomMurayama et al. (2013) defines motivation as a process which i nstigates and sustains a goal directed activity. Murayama et al. (2013) goes on to conclude that motivation is key when looking at pupils academic growth. indispensable and extrinsic motivationReeve et al. (2004) performed a study where teachers were encourage to try to support student liberty in learning as a method to building motivation. Extrinsic motivation was to be minimised and kind of the students were encouraged to seek out the answer more independently relying on more intrinsic motivation which led to more engagement by the students. Seifert (2004) believes that students who are efficacious such as they were being encouraged to be in the study by Reeve et al. (2004) are more likely to have positive attributes such as being strategic, self-regulating as well as being more metacognitive which he argues may increase agency in their own work. Additionally, Seifert (2004) when referencing Dweck (1986) mentions that some students who are not pageantrying self-efficacy may display failure avoidance which can act to sap motivation to try and is common mood of low levels of resilience.The effect of confidence on motivationDweck (1986) found that the level of student expectation of good future results and acquirement were not always correlated. This means that just because a student is sure-footed it does not mean that they will necessarily achieve higher results in fact when directly examine high and low confidence students Dweck found that the lower confidence students performed better than the high confidence ones. In opposition to this, fish duck, Mujtaba and Reiss (2015) posit that cocksureness may still be a positive trait as this may indicate a greater level of resilience in students. Sheldrake et al. (2015) go on to beg off that in their findings the level of student confidence was significantly associated with student GCSE maths grades as well as how likely they were to tug Mathematics at A level.In a test on motivation using eye tracking equipment, Sajka and Rosiek (2015) found that those who underperformed versus those classed as gifted (Sajka Rosiek, 2015) spent significantly less time looking at the questions which they took as meaning that the underperforming students were less propel which could mean that some may have been less confident and were acting in a failure avoidance fashion.Observed motivation across subsectionsSeveral evident factors exist that can affect levels of motivation from one group to another. Oyserman (2013) tells us that in their studies they found that for some students from lower income backgrounds education can be affected by personity based motivation. Oyserman (2013) goes on to explain this as students from low income backgrounds can stereotype their own academic ability based on the achievements of others in their peer groups which may lead to a situation where succeeding at school is not congruent with the self-identities that they are forming as they go through adolescence, looking at their future adult selves (Oyserman, 2013). Elmore and Oyserman (2012) discusses when activities feel identity congruent. They argue that when an activity feels identity congruent to a student and then each difficulties engaging in the task lead to give tongue to task appearing more important making any(prenominal) effort invested valuable, the task is not pointless or impossible. This was demonstrated in studies run by Destin and Oyserman (2010) on indirect students, of whom all participants were aged between 11 and 13, when they found that students with aspirations for future careers that were education dependent as opposed to education independent put more effort into their school assignment which oerall resulted in better results for them.In a different study that aimed to affect the identity based motivation of a group of 12-13-year-old girls and boys Elmore and Oyserman (2012) showed boys and girls graphs display graduation success for either their own gende r or no gender identified at all. This study resulted in the students expressing more academic goals which Elmore and Oyserman (2012) postulate is obliterate to a more school cerebrate self-identity which, if correct and representative, shows the malleability of pupils self-identity at this age. This showed the students displaying some identity congruence (Elmore Oyserman, 2012). Despite this the study conducted by Sheldrake et al. (2015) showed that in general girls had less confidence than their male counterparts which was not displayed in results at GCSE or A Level.ConclusionsI believe that the main point to take from this literature review is that the link between behaviour management and motivation is all about engagement. That through positive reinforcement for decent behaviour, developing positive relationships with the students in the class and encourage student self-reliance in lessons to encourage intrinsic motivation as methods of behaviour management the teacher is well on their way to establishing engagement and motivation from their class. Moreover, having a do and engaged class leads to better results in the long run.As well as this, low levels of motivation and engagement can lead to behaviour issues. Identity based motivation can be very(prenominal) detrimental to students in lower attaining sets and perhaps is the reason wherefore, when placed with higher attaining students, the lower attaining performs better. The presence of higher attaining students in that set and thus presence in that peer group may alter the lower attaining students self-view. Alternatively, it could also be very beneficial when looking to progress students and help them to become more aspirational. When students do not see a good reason to do the work then it can seem pointless which can demotivate them which is why it is so important to frame work in a way that lets them see that time spent attempting the work is time is productive and beneficial to them and will be so for them again later in life.While extrinsic motivation does have a place in the classroom it is most effective when used positively, for instance in praise and to boost student confidence. When it comes to confidence it seems that higher confidence is a positive trait as it can imply greater resilience in students but at the same time does not always indicate that a student is attaining higher.IntroductionThe observations that I will be assessing and comparing to the literature review took place in a Hampshire 11-16 mixed comprehensive school. It has a lower than National average number of pupil premium students but a higher than average number of students from service families, owing to the adjacency of an RAF airbase. The number of maths grades A*-C was 86% (The Robert Mays School, 2015) which is significantly higher than the National average of 63% (The Guardian, 2015). All mathematics classes in this school are setted from the time they arrive.In this section I will attempt to synthesise and assess these observations along with the findings of the literature review with the aim of improving my practice. Observation One was taken by Teacher A for Class A Observation Two was taken by Teacher B for Class B and Observation 3 was taken by Teacher C for Class C.AssessmentThe presence of a behaviour policy such that is recommended by the government (Department for Education, 2016) was evident across these observations in details such as classroom organisation in the availability of equipment should students be unprepared as well as the use of both praise and sanctions in all lessons observed.Since all of the classes that I observed were setted the benefit found by Sund (2009) of having a mix of higher attaining students in the class along with lower attaining students to increase movement of the lower attaining was not possible to observe. However, the teachers may have profited from finding these classes easier to teach as opposed to mixed ability g roups (Hallum Ireson, 2005) potentially allowing them to put more time during lessons into teaching and engaging more students on an individual basis. Hallum and Ireson (2005) also found that in mixed classes a lot of time had to be spent in advance in preparing more differentiated resources meaning that time was potentially being saved both in and out of the classroom. Alternatively, as Hallum and Ireson (2005) took in teacher opinions this may be subject to some level of inaccuracy.Additionally, while identity based motivation (Destin Oyserman, 2010) could be beneficial in assessing these classes and would sure enough have an impact on motivation in these lessons, without having taken this information before the lessons I observed and using it to inform my observation, it has limited value. It could be argued that a broad overview of the class demographics could be made based on the pupil premium information for the school (The Robert Mays School, 2015) but this may not have be en representative of the individual classes that I observed.In Observation 3 there was a student who volunteered an answer in front of the class. Whereupon he got the answer wrong he began behaving in a negative manner eventually receiving sanctions for his today churning behaviour. I guess that it is possible that in getting the answer wrong the students confidence dropped, demotivating the student stellar(a) him to become disengaged with the lesson. When compared with what Sheldrake et al. (2015) says about how a high level of confidence can be indicative of greater resilience, I posit that in this case the opposite was in effect here and it was this students low level of resilience that led to his disengagement and ultimately his behaviour.A point might be made here that the students intrinsic motivation to find the answer had diminished leading to disengagement. The student became continuously more and more degenerate to the lesson whereupon the teacher began to apply extri nsic motivation in the form of sanctions. This concurs with what was posited by Oxley (2015) in that students can end up in negative cycles of punishments and further behaviour issues as well as what Murayama et al. (2013) says about how extrinsic motivation can be short lived which again was what was observed in the lesson. The use of sanctions in this case did not result in the student re-engaging for any length of time before becoming disruptive again. Although, it could have been that the student was being influenced by other stimuli that I was not aware of.What Reeve et al. (2004) states about how engagement leads to more positive behaviour can be seen by comparing Observations 1 and 2 to Observation 3 where the two former lessons had greater engagement throughout resulting in the better behaviour of these classes. One way in which they were different to the third observed lesson was in the questioning. both teachers A and B would engage with students through questioning more, expecting longer answers and staying with the students when they were incorrect whereas Teacher C would move on to another student when an incorrect answer was given which I have previously postulated was cerebrate to the disengagement of that student.In viewing each class only once, judging the level of intrinsic motivation in the students was difficult to quantify. But, from the questioning displayed by teachers A and B in their lessons it seems that the phrasing they used was encouraging students to think about the problems and the solutions as opposed to being told how to find it.The engagement of classes A and B was certainly higher than in Class C which I believe is partly down to the transitions. Class C had a more continuous task through the whole lesson allowing a more leisurely ill-use whereas in Class B the teacher had very quick transitions keeping momentum and maintaining engagement. This higher thousand of work could have been keeping students engaged by giving them a feeling of progression through the lesson which Sheldrake et al. (2015) says can be the case but adds that it requires teachers to know the current attainment of their classes well. That being say Sheldrake et al. (2015) also sees benefit in a slower pace of lesson like the lesson taken by Teacher C stating that it is more of a mastery approach.Oxley (2015) relates that choice and autonomy are key in building motivation which I believe I observed in Observation 3 when the teacher made the class aware that there was another tack available. This availability of forward-looking work sparked the class into either going up to get more work or going back to the sheet they were already working on. I suggest that a potential explanation for this is that the students were given autonomy over whether to continue on what they were doing or collect the new sheet resulting in them feeling more motivated to continue with the task.The research suggests that knowing the reason why they are le arning something, understanding how it might be a useful skill to have in their future lives is of benefit to many students (Elmore Oyserman, 2012). This is seen in interactions between Teacher C when a disengaged student who was challenged on not working asked the teacher when they would ever use this in the future to which the teacher responded with a real-world example. This appeared to resonate with the student re-engaging them. I believe that after this was said the topic gained value in the students eyes and as such would be intrinsic motivation point this student rather than extrinsic. Yet, it is possible that the student simply saw that the teacher was not backing down to the challenging and so simply opted to continue working to remove himself from the conversation. If this were the case then it would have been extrinsic motivation which Murayama et al. (2013) describes as being the more fickle of the two.I observed very little self-efficacy being displayed by the student s in these observed lessons which may or may not be indicative of the types of lessons that lower attaining sets generally receive. However, further study would be required to find out whether this was representative in any way.While intrinsic motivation did seem to be more influential over student motivation it was, at times, difficult to differentiate between whether it was intrinsic or extrinsic motivation that was motivating a students actions. A different form of study would likely be necessary in order to observe this.From this assignment, there are several implications that I will take into my own practice. When planning lessons in the future I will strive to allow students more freedom in lessons encouraging their autonomy. By doing this, I hope to increase their engagement in lessons and the learning process as I am now far more aware of the effect low engagement can have on the military issue of a lesson.As well as this I now have a greater wait for how my students need to understand why they are learning something and not see the learning process as pointless. I had previously been unaware of how influential identity based motivation could be on students and can see previous lessons I have taken where some students had stopped seeing learning in that lesson as congruent with what they will need to know.When it comes to behaviour management I have come to reconsider some of my views. I can see that when a student misbehaves they need to be corrected on that behaviour to progress from it. That it is very easy for the student to innovate into a cycle of punishment and answer that simply will not benefit them and instead need help to correct the behaviour.ReferencesDepartment for Education. (2016). Behaviour and discipline in schools Advice for headteachers andschool staff. Retrieved 25 November, 2016, fromhttps//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/488034/Behaviour_and_Discipline_in_Schools_-_A_guide_for_headteachers_an d_School_Staff.pdfDestin, M., Oyserman, D. (2010). Incentivizing education Seeing schoolwork as anJH1 investment, nota chore. diary of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(5), 846-849.Dweck, C S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040-1048.Elmore, K C., Oyserman, D. (2012). If we can succeed, I can too Identity-based motivation andgender in the classroom. Contemporary educational Psychology, 37(3), 176-185.Hallam, S., Ireson, J. (2005). Secondary school teachers pedagogic practices when teaching mixedand structured ability classes. Research Papers in Education, 20(1), 3-24.Mitchell, M., Bradshaw, C. (2009). Examining classroom influences on student perceptions ofschool climate The role of classroom management and exclusionary discipline strategies.Journal of School Psychology, 51(5), 599-610.Murayama, K., Pekrun, R., Lichtenfield, S. (2013). Predicting long-term growth in studentsmathematics achievement The unique contributions of motivation and cognitive strategies. barbarian Development, 84(4), 1475-1490.Niemi, R., Kumpulainen, K., Lipponen, L., Hilpp, J. (2015). Pupils perspectives on the livedpedagogy of the classroom. Education 313, 43(6), 681-697.Oxley, L. (2015). Do schools need lessons in motivation?. The Psychologist, 28(19), 722-723.Oyserman, D. (2013). Not just any path Implications of identity-based motivation for disparities inschool outcomes. Economics of Education Review, 33(4), 179-190.Reeve, J., Jang, H., Carrell, D., Jeon, S., Barch, J. (2004). Enhancing students engagement byincreasing teachers autonomy support. Motivation and Emotion, 28(2), 147-170.Sajka, M., Rosiek, R. (2015, March). Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education. work out a problem by different students with different mathematical abilities A comparative study using eye-tracking, Prague, Czech Republic. Retrieved from https//hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01288030/docum entSeifert, T. (2004). Understanding student motivation. Educational Research, 46(2), 137-149.Sheldrake, R., Mujtaba, T., Reiss, M. (2015). Students intentions to study non-compulsorymathematics the importance of how good you think you are. British Educational Research Journal, 41(3), 462-488.Sund, K. (2009). Estimating peer effects in Swedish high school using school, teacher, and studentfixed effects. Economics of Education Review, 28(3), 329-336.The Guardian. (2015). The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December, 2016, fromhttps//www.theguardian.com/education/2015/aug/20/gcses-results-2015-english-pass-rate-rises-jump-a-c-gradesThe Robert Mays School. (2015). Pupil premium report September 2015. Retrieved December 12,2016, from The Robert Mays School, http//www.rmays.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/PupilPremiumReport2015.pdfObservation 1Y8Set 4Period 6/616/11/16Class ATeacher AWhat happens whenYour comment(s)Pupils enter the classroom? What are the established procedures?Teacher greeting by the door. Students sit and take their book out and attempt starter on the board.A lesson begins? How does the teacher establish attention?Calling to attention not raising voice. Several keep talking but are individually called to attention by teacher still not raising voice.The teacher leads a discussion from the front? How does he/she ensure attention and participation?Leading discussion from the front. Asking students to explain why on their answers. Some struggling to put thoughts into full sentences.The teacher gives out instructions?Asks I need you to.. when giving instructions.Pupils carry out a task how does the teacher ensure that they remain on task?By communicate questions to students every hardly a(prenominal) minutes ensuring they stay on task.The teacher provides an important explanation how do they ensure that pupils have listened and mute?A lot of AfL with whiteboards.The teacher manage the transitions between different parts of the lessons?Quickly throwing a new question to the class before asking someone to answer it.Pupils are asked to work in smooth groups/pairs? How does the teacher ensure they talk about the work?Working in silence as were disruptive earlier.When a pupil doesnt stay on task?Asks student please first time.Speaks to student and explains what they should be doing in work and behaviour.Pupils are asked to write things down when some do not have a pen/book/paper?Get equipment from neighbour.A pupil behaves inappropriately?Class warning. Individual students name on board.There is an interruption from someone at the door?Student being moved into this class (x2). Teacher waits for quiet after some laughter.A pupil doesnt understand?Scaffolding, leading questions.A pupil makes a mistake/answers a question incorrectly?Talks through it with student until they get it and asked why to ensure understanding.The lesson ends? How does the teacher ensure an orderly dismissal?Tidying away before the bell with students collecting MW B and pens.Not passing until silence(adapted from Richard Johnstone Communicative Interaction A Guide for Teachers, CILT, 1989)Note down examples ofTeacher using verbal praise and encouragement (note down the actual words)GoodTeacher using positive body language (smiling, leaning forward etc)Smiling at correct answers when shown on MWB during AfL.Teacher using tone/ al-Quran of voiceLevel tone throughout.Quiet voice when talking one on one.Teacher moving round the classroom or standing still. When do they do this, what are they doing whilst doing this, is there any part to the movement?Students started arguing loudly across centre table when teacher left room to deal with student from another class. When they came back in they walked into the middle of the argument and went from one to the other calmly asking each to be quiet which was successful. One claimed not to have done anything, teacher said I havent accused you of anything, Im asking you to be quiet now.Teacher giving out tangible rewards e.g. merit points or equivalentNames in board (positive as well as negative). Far more positive.Teacher writing positive and encouraging comments in pupils exercise booksObservation 2Y10Set 3Period 5/617/11/16 Class BTeacher BWhat happens when Your comment(s)Pupils enter the classroom? What are the established procedures?Greet at door. Individually told to likeness down the starter.A lesson begins? How does the teacher establish attention?Stood and waited. Class was expecting it so a class routine.The teacher leads a discussion from the front? How does he/she ensure attention and participation?Asking questions expecting an answer and engagement in the lesson. Sometimes students wrong, given choice to move on or try again.The teacher gives out instructions?Starter and examples. All tasks on board as well as said out loud.Pupils carry out a task how does the teacher ensure that they remain on task?Circulating.The teacher provides an important explanation how do th ey ensure that pupil shave listened and understood?Asks if students need the help then goes through on whiteboard. Leaves worked answer there.The teacher manage the transitions between different parts of the lessons?

Shareholder Vs Stakeholder Theory Management Essay

Sh arholder Vs Stakeholder opening Management EssayHis views reflect Adam Smiths view that buckrams operate solely for the purpose of making a avail which contri thates to the over totally sanitary being of society. Any credit line activity is justified as languish as it increases the value of the household to its sh arholder (Cochran, 1994). Friedman (2005) acknowledges one reason for the existence of fast(a)s and that is to chip in a profit for its sh beholders. According to Friedman, firms do non exists to change the world or to do substantially. He pushes the Sh beholder guess to the extent that he declares as theft or violation of counseling accountability any stress of donation by the firm, be it in time, in kind, or in mo sugarary measures, by the managers from the investors o the firm (Ruf et al, 1998).Shareholder theory has been widely misinterpreted and quoted in its extreme sense. Carroll (1998) qualifies that although Friedman does insist that the only re sponsibility of the firm is to record profits for its shareholders, he goes on to state that the firm must operate deep d knowledge refreshing legal and societal parameters.The Shareholder perspective of a firm has been widely challenged over the past years. Authors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Low and Cowton (2004) and Agatiello (2008) argue that the sole mission of firms to be profit maximisers is incorrect and inappropriate. Todays modern agreement is so complex that reducing it to such(prenominal) simple endpoints and motivations oversimplifies the same nature of the commercial organisation. Spence (2001) writes that the Stakeholder surmise has emerged as an alternative for the Shareholder Theory of the firm. According to Freeman (1984), the term stakeholder can be traced abide to management literature of 1963 when the term was defined as those groups without whose prolong the organisation would cease to exist.Stakeholder theory recognises that firms take for a much wider base of interested parties separate than the shareholders and holds that the firm must honour its duties and responsibilities towards all of the parties. The shareholders are entirely one group of the several groups which has a claim on the firm (Heath and Norman, 2004). Deck (1994) gives an kindle translation of the Stakeholder Theory. eyepatch he recognises that the objective of an organisation is to create wealth and distri furthere this amongst its investors, he explains how the investors are non only represented by the shareholders, but, in fact can and do take the habitus of other groups such as employees and the society in general, who invest knowledge and skills in the firm. thus proper (2000) argues that the resources invested by stakeholders are roughly tenfold that invested by the shareholders. Post et al (2002) claim that riskiness is not only limited to financial exposure but as well as includes risks to employment, career opportunity, environmental j ar and part of products and serve. If a firm fails, employees lose their jobs and possibly alike their retirement plans. In line with this argument, firm benefits should not only be distributed to the financial investors, but profits should be divided amongst all those bearing risk deep down the organisation.2.2 The Triple Bottom describeA win-win outcome for organisations and stakeholders is that created by the Triple Bottom Line (Elkington, 1998). This is an attempt to shift dividing line towards a stakeholder-based approach. The idea behind the 3BL paradigm is that a corporations success should be measured not just by the traditional financial bottom line, but also by social/ethical and environmental work (Norman and MacDonald, 2004). The People, Planet, Profit triangle postulates how profit is to be perceived from lead perspectives. A positive triple bottom line reflects an increase in the companys value, including both its profitability and shareholder value and its soci al, tender and environmental capital (Savitz, 2006). Even if the three aspects of sustainability environmental, social and scotch already existed, Elkingtons belief played a crucial role in shaping go-aheads such as the Global coverage Initiative and the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (Berkovics, 2010). The novelty of the 3BL lies in the contention of its supporters that the fulfilment of its obligations to communities, employees, customers and suppliers should be measured, calculated, audited and reported, just like financial performance had been for the past hundred years. The major fallacy of the 3BL approach is that whilst authors speak of the benefit of measuring the benefits accruing from three perspectives, no one has suggested how to social function the data on social performance to calculate some form of net social bottom line. Adding up the financial pluses and deducting the minuses is much easier than summing up the environmental achievements and shortcomings of a firm (MacDonald and Norman, 2004).2.3 specify CSRIn his seminal work entitled friendly Responsibilities of the Businessman, Bowen (1953) defined CSR as the entrepreneurs obligation to pursue those policies, to make those decisions or to follow the lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of society. It is because of this work that authors such as Carroll (1999) and Windsor (2001) need declared Bowen to be the Father of CSR.In todays world of increased globalisation, environmental awareness, recessive pressures and high insecurity, there are increasing pressures on entrepreneurs and organisations to de have it awayr increased societal value (Jenkins, 2006).weber (2008) posits that although the fantasy of CSR is widely discussed, a universally accepted definition still needs to emerge (Turker, 2009). that Van Marrewijk (2003) claims that a one solutions fits all explanation of CSR is virtually impossible as the concept takes on a different mea ning for each organisation, depending on the levels of awareness and ambition of the firm itself.In the mid-seventies authors of the subject began to indicate that the emphasis on responsibility implied accountability. That, according to Carroll (1979) was too narrow and static an interpretation in order to amply picture the social efforts of the firms. As a result of this criticism devil spic-and-spanborn concepts emerged Corporate Social Responsiveness (CSR2) and Corporate Social Performance (CSP). CSR2 middlemans CSR with strategical management and stresses the proactive approach required from companies. CSP offered a managerial framework to deal with CSR and attempted to measure it.Frederick (1994) refers to CRS2 as a conceptual transition from the philosophical aspect of CSR to the more action-oriented approach. Several authors such as Ackermann and Bauer (1976), Vallentin (2009), Sethi (1979) also support this view. Others like Carroll (1979) tho argue that the term re sponsiveness is not an appropriate replacement for responsibility. He argues that any action which is not the fruit of reflection and responsibility is not exactly a nicety of a concept which merely encourages responsibility. Firms may indeed be responsive and irresponsibleCSP emerged as a multidimensional concept which embraced the interaction of social responsibility, social responsiveness and the policies corporations designed to address such issues (Watrick and Cochran, 1985). CSP and so focuses attention from corporate motivations to corporate action and implementation. Although the term CSP tends to give a more dynamic and hard-nosed interpretation of the concept it has not been left uncriticised. Authors such as Davenport (2000) look at CSP as a theoretical creation of the scholars. The terms CSR, CSR2 and CSP are lots used interchangeably and today, much of the literature simply uses the single term CSR to mean both the firms acceptance of responsibilities and the action s and policies it undertakes in the area (Ciliberti et al 2008).The writings of McGuire (1963), Davis (1960), and Sethi (1975) all concur that CSR describes the responsibilities of a firm which extend beyond what is the legal obligations of the firm. In other words, CSR starts where the law ends. Carroll (1979) is also in support of this view and in his work in 1991 presents a Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibilities to include all, economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities which emanate from the existing operations of organisations. Although Carroll presents his model in the form of a pyramid with the economic concerns of the firm as the base, he tells us that his model does not, in fact limn a continuum and that the four facets of organisational responsibility are not mutually exclusive.DiscretionaryResponsibilitiesBe a healthycorporate citizen estimableResponsibilitiesBe ethicalLegalResponsibilitiesObey the LayEconomicResponsibilitiesBe utile bit 2 The Py ramid of Corporate Social ResponsibilityCarroll (1991)In 2003 Schwartz and Carroll presented the different facets of CSR in a different format. This time they moved away from the pyramid structure which seems to feature implied some form or natural attainmention from one level to another and presented their model in the form of a Venn diagram. furthermore they only included three of Carrolls earlier CSR aspects. Schwartz and Carroll (2003) represented the economic, legal and ethical responsibilities but omitted the discretionary category. Indeed it is inappropriate to regard discretionary and philanthropic activities as responsibilities. purelyEthicalPurelyLegalPurelyEconomicEthical / LegalLegal / EconomicEthical / EconomicLegal / Economic / EthicalFigure 3 The Three-Domain Model of CSRSchwartz and Carroll (2003)2.4 A Modern Interpretation of CSRIn 2001 The European Union presented a Green Paper entitled Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility. In this idea CSR was defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. Pivato et al (2008) argue that this is one of the nigh super C interpretations of CSR and it is consistent with recent academic literature. Stakeholder theory gained importance in the 1990s and continues to maintain its position as a focused area of postulate in CSR (Wang, 2008).More recently, in October 2011, the EU Commission produce a new policy on CSR wherein it states that for a firm to meet its social responsibility it should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical and human rights concerns into their business operations and load strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders . The EU also put forward a new definition of CSR as the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society. The EU intends that firms willing abide by their r esponsibility when they rate the applicable legislation and aim for collective agreements betwixt social partners. Another pregnant aspect of the new EU approach to CSR is the fact that the emphasis is not only on the private domain firms only, but the maximisation of the creation of shared value for society is now also expected of public sector firms.This new policy advances an action agenda for the three year period up to 2014 covering eighter distinct areas which detail how the EU intends ensuring that firms embrace this CSR concept. This action plan aims to enhance the visibility of CSR and the dissemination of good practices better and track levels of trust in business improve self-and co-regulation processes enhance market reward for CSR improve company disclosure on social and environmental information further integrate CSR into education, training and investigate emphasise the importance of national and sub-national CSR policies and better align European and global app roaches to CSR.The EU commission reports that dainty and medium size of itd firms are the predominant form of enterprise in the European Union (EU Commission, 2012). The EU further claims that if Europe and its enterprises are to reap the full benefit of CSR, then it is imperative that SMEs engage fully in CSR and are recognised for their initiatives. This is very challenging as CSR has traditionally been the domain of the corporate sector, but recognition of the increasing importance of the SME sector has led to an emphasis on their social and environmental impact (Jenkins, 2004)2.5 CSR and SMEsmicro, lessened and medium-sized enterprises are the engine of the European economy. They are an essential course of jobs, create entrepreneurial flavour and innovation in the EU and are thus crucial for fostering competitiveness and employment (Verheugen, 2005).In 2003 the EU revised its 1996 definition of an SME and within the 27 member states, today an SME is a firm with few than 250 employees and with a turnover of less than 50 one million million million or balance sheet totals of less than 43 million. Apart from these quantifications, firms must be in capable, i.e. separate from an economic group that is stronger than itself.Medium Sized FirmsSmall FirmsMicroFirmsEnterprise Category operate Count (Annual Work UnitTurnoverBalance Sheet Totals 2million 2million 10million 10million 50 million 43millionORORORORFigure 4 EU Definition of an SME ancestry EU Commission (2003)The EU reports that even in 2012 SMEs have kept their position as the anchorperson of the European economy, with around 20.7 million firms accouting for more than 98% of all enterprises of which 92.2% are firms which employ fewer than 10 pack (Wymenga et al 2012). Wymenga (2012) reports that in 2012 SMEs accounted for 67% of total employment, at around 87 million people and 58% of gross value added.The Maltese economy is one of the subtileest economies in the EU this implies that the releva nce of SMEs for the domestic economy is indeed crucial. There are a little less than 30,000 firms in Malta, and with the exception of 44 whacking firms, the rest employ less than 250 workers. In fact, the economy is dominated by micro-sized firms (95.1%). Small and Medium-Sized firms in Malta account for 4.7% of business organisations, employ 41.8% of the labour blackjack and account for 38.3% of the islands value-added. Micro firms employ 34.4% of the labour force in Malta and account for 26.3% of the value added (EU Commission, 2012).Medium Sized FirmsSmall FirmsMicro FirmsEnterprise CategoryHead Count (Annual Work UnitTurnoverBalance Sheet Totals 2million 2million 10million 10million 50 million 43millionORORORORFox (2005) contends that all organisations impact on society and the environment in a number of ways through their operations. For this reason, CSR is important in grand and elfin firms alike (Moore and Spence, 2006). The importance of SMEs in CSR literature has, ho wever been overlooked (Perrini and Minoja, 2008 Ciliberti et al, 2008, Moore and Spence, 2006 ). A study carried out by Jenkins in 2004 reveals that much of the thinking about CSR in SMEs is based on unfounded assumptions. It is erroneously assumed that swelled companies are the norm and therefore, as a consequence all CSR approaches have predominantly been designed and are intended for large firms. Further, it has been presumed that small firms are little large firms differentiating themselves from large corporations merely on the basis of size (Jenkins, 2004). It is clear that SMEs are not miniature large companies, and as such the same practices which have been designed for large firms are grueling to fit to small organisations (Williamson et al, 2006). A study of Swiss multinational companies (MNCs) and SMEs reveals that contrary to what is perceived by much of the literature on the subject, small firms possess several organisational characteristics that could promote the inte gration of CSR practices as core business functions, while MNCs possess the disposition to enhance communication and reporting on CSR. CSR is therefore not a function of company size, but rather of company characteristics (Spence, 2011 et al).Structure is one of the factors that distinguishes large from small firms. While large firms tend to organise themselves with a bureaucratic structure and formalisation, small firms are characterised by wild free-and-easy working relationships (Perez-Sanchez, 2003). The behaviour of small firms is strongly dependent on the characteristics and management style of the proprietor himself, whilst in large firms this is not so strongly felt (Tilley, 2000). Perrini (2006) argues that small firms are most(prenominal)ly proprietor-managed and are run on personal relationships. Gond and Igalens (2008) pin the level of CSR commitment by SMEs as directly dependent on the personality and personal convictions of its managing director. Age plays a signifi cant role here, with the younger possessor/managers debunk greater CSR awareness gender has no impact on CSR deployment (Ede et al, 2000). Some authors are in variability as to whether the educational background of the owner/manager has any bearing on the level of CSR activity. (Ede et al, 2000 Spence et al, 2000). Spence et al (2007), confirm this claim and go one step further by asserting that it is the directors vision for the future tense of his business and his understanding and perception of internal resources which determine CSR escort in SMEs. Bonneveux et al (2012) report that the contentedness of a director to locate and integrate new resources is fundamental to the integration of CSR measures and initiatives. The correlation between CSR exercise by SMEs and the perception and motivation of the firms director and how he sees and reacts to CSR issues is thus reinforced.Ownership and management in large firms are more separate and distinct than they are in small firms . In small firms, match remains in the hands of one of the owners, possibly putting him in a position where he can make personal choices with respect to the allocation of resources (Spence and Rutherfoord (2001). Given this particular management characteristic, the choice of CSR combat in SMEs is mostly determined by the personal attributes of the owner/manager. A study of US SMEs employing between 5 and 500 workers suggests that efforts to influence owners and managers to implement environmental CSR initiatives such as for example waste reduction need great focus on changing individual attitudes (Bennington et al, 2012). Stewart et al (2011) also confirm the link between leadership and the successful uptake of CSR and sustainability in SMEs.According to the shareholder perspective postulated by Friedman (1970) the owner of a small business has the right to follow their own ethical beliefs in the allocation of organisational resources as they own the business and therefore it fol lows that they are using their own funds to finance any CSR activity. This is not so in large firms where ownership and control are separate and the investor of the funds does not have any say on how the funds he has contributed are being divested. In support of CSR engagement even based on a shareholder perspective of the firm, Stewart et al (2012) report measurable results in terms of business performance which can be directly attributable to the SMEs greater social and environmental engagement. The study bring outs the relationship between learning, the development of organisational values that underpin CSR and change business performance within the SME context.Perrini (2006) contends that SMEs are, at many times stretched by multitasking, troubled by the limited cash available, and controlled by an informal mechanism. On the other hand, large firms are more in all probability to engage in carefully planned, formal, strategic management (Jenkins, 2004).Jenkins (2004) tells us that most SMEs are more likely to be concerned about the day-to-day survival then by understanding concepts such as CSR. He contends that the term CSR alienates some of the small firms and that the language used needs to be simpler. In this respect, the European Commission has propo9sed the term Responsible Entrepreneurship in lieu of social responsibility of SMEs. Jenkins research however reveals that small firms regards CSR as an all embracing concept involving three pillars sustainability awareness of and responsibility towards a range of stakeholders, the relative importance of whom varies from one firm to another. This implies that most SMEs describe CSR on the lines of the stakeholder theory. Jenkins (2004) reveals that SMEs are consistent in their identification of stakeholders and point towards the environmental management, employees, the community/society, and the cede chain. It is not at all surprising that SMEs focus their initiatives on the topical anaesthetic communi ty. SME owner/managers usually live in the same area in which the firm operates (CSR Europe, 2003). SMEs, in fact, rely much more that large firms on the prosperity of the community in which they operate as most of their customers and employees come from the surrounding area.Castka et al (2004) confirms that SMEs and large firms are not only different in nature but also in the way in which they approach CSR. They found that small businesses approach CSR informally and do not usually have pre-determined objectives or formal procedures for measuring the performance of objectives to external stakeholders. Further, large firms are more likely to adopt formal instruments to design CSR initiatives such as codes of conduct, ISO certification and social reporting (Graafland et al (2003). elephantine firms tend to integrate CSR as part of their business operations whilst SMEs consider CSR as an add on activity (Jenkins, 2004) and conduct CSR on an ad-hoc basis usually unrelated to their bu siness strategy.Jenkins (2004) argues that the motivation for CSR engagement differs between large and small firms. Jenkins (2006) explains that the growing visibility and the increased impact of large firms globally have called for greater accountability and transparency. On the other hand, small firms remain largely invisible and are not compulsive by external pressures, but rather by an internal drive to do the right function or putting something back or showing entrepreneurial spirit (Jenkins, 2004). The force which drives SMEs to engage in CSR activities is therefore more ethical rather than commercial. Gupta et al (2012) conducted a study of Indian SMEs in which they highlight the many benefits which accrue to SMEs engaging in CSR initiatives. Small and medium-sized firms actively engaging in CSR were reported to applaud an endless list of advantages amongst which were improved image, reputation, trust and understanding. Firms also secured a better market position and impro ved financial performance increased attractiveness to potential recruits, increased employee motivation, cost savings and increased efficiency, efficacious risk management systems and more business overall. CSR can be the stimulus for increased motivation and productivity amongst a firms workforce (Salquin et al, 2007 Berger-Douce, 2008). An awareness and understanding of the challenges posed by CSR can actually form an superior basis for organisational differentiation and competitive advantage (Kechiche et al, 2012). Not all academics concord and Jenkins (2006) asserts that SMEs undertake CSR simply for its own sake and refrain from using it as a method of self promotion as the large firms do. According to Fassin (2008), CSR is a rather informal action, and therefore more intuitive rather than strategic and for this reason, SMEs will hardly enjoy all the benefits that CSR engagement implies.Jenkins (2004) emphasises that owner/managers of small firms are mainly preoccupied with the economic viability of their firms and spend a large part of their time and energy focusing on this aspect of their business. wizard main feature of SMEs is that the owner/manager is the person who deals with the day-to-day operations of the firm as well as other projects. This is distinct from large firms, where there is a dedicated CSR department with resources being specialized for this function. For this reason, time and resources are identified as the greatest constraints which SMEs face with respect to investing in CSR initiatives. Gupta et al (2012) also claim that the initial cost of CSR is at times higher for SMEs as they conduct small business and they justified request for government assistance and support in the implementation of CSR in the firm. The owner/managers of the UK firms studies by Jenkins revealed that they difficulties trying to convince reluctant employees to involve themselves in CSR activities. Furthermore, the excessive number of short term projects, the lack of information (Berger-Douce, 2008), the problems with measuring intangible benefits and the difficulties of making connections in a small community where other common adversities faced by SMEs. SMEs also meet difficulties which are related to the market, particularly restrictions in applying environmental and/or societal legislation because of its complexity and the rigidity of procedures. SMEs complain of the lack of adequate support services and infrastructure (Kechiche et al, 2012).Despite the adversities faced, Castka et al (2004) reveal that SMEs acknowledge that there is a need for them to conduct business in a socially responsible manner. When researching Swedish SMEs, Pettersson et al (2012) found that CSR activities become more important for some stakeholders, particularly in times of difficulties and revealed an increased need for CSR engagement. They report that SMEs can strategically use CSR activities in order to develop a competitive advantage through differ entiation by creating societal advantage. They claim that CSR activities become more important for some stakeholders, particularly in times of difficulties. Jenkins (2004) posits that SMEs are often active members in their community. In support of this Perrini (2006) reports that 50% of European SMEs are engaged in socially responsible activities. He explains how there is a positive correlation between the degree of involvement and the size of the enterprise with 48% of very small firms, 65% of small and 70% of medium sized firms being engaged in CSR activities. A study of Danish SMEs carried out in 2005 (Danish National Labour commercialize Authority) identified seven areas of CSR deployment, namely, the workforce, the environment, stakeholder engagement, marketplace activities, picture chain activities, internal management activities and charitable and voluntary activities. The study revealed that work-force related CSR activities were most diffused with 54% of all CSR activitie s, environmental activities occupied 51% of all initiatives and supply chain activities only occupy 22% of all initiatives. On the other hand, the barometer of sustainable development within French SMEs (CROCIS, 2007) reports that 96% of firms in the Paris area had implemented sustainable development measures while 47% of these firms had good links with the community through sponsorship deals, charitable events, back-to-work/employability schemes etc. Other academics, (Saulquin et al, 2005 Berger-Douce, 2008) are in support of this picture and confirm that employees appear to be well treated in the majority of SMEs. Fox (2005) reports that the most likely reason for SMEs to engage in environmental management is when this becomes critical in attracting and retaining business both locally or internationally. Saulquin et al (2010) affirm this by reporting that there is great sensitivity by SMEs to the wellbeing of their employees and their community links. In support of this, other au thors claim that large companies influence the behaviour of small firms in their supply chain in particular in relation to environmental protection, labour and human rights, health and safety (Jorgensen and Knudsen, 2005). Worthington et al (2006) tells us that UK SMEs invested in a range of CSR activities and the most common forms of CSR deployment ranged from donating to local causes and charities, sponsorships of local events and organisations, support for local schools and colleges, environmental initiatives, ethical purchasing and staff related activities.2.6. Capability matureness ModelFassin (2008), contends that most SMEs regard CSR as rather informal action and refers to it as an intuitive initiative rather than strategic process. On the other hand, Spence et al (2011) affirm that MNC are often seen to assume responsibility by implementing CSR-related organisational practices and structures which permit them to interact directly with civil society. Further, however, MNCs ar e often accused of using CSR as a front to cover up the more real business practices. Indeed it is important to consider the depth and effectiveness with which organisations embed CSR within their operations so as to distinguish between CSR pour forth and CSR practice (Spence et al, 2011).The Capability Maturity Model is an organisational model which describes five evolutionary stages in which a firm manages its processes. An organisation which treats CSR as an ad hoc activity will be at the initial stage. As the firm matures in its approach to CSR and embraces CSR more and more as part of its core business practice it starts to progress through the next four levels, namely managed, defined, qualitatively managed, optimizing. The maturity levels offer a structure to the subject field needed for continuous improvement.This paradigm is useful to determine the reason behind different levels of organisational CSR commitment and what it takes for a firm to progress to the next level o f commitment. aim 1INITIALLevel 2MANAGEDLevel 3DEFINEDLevel 4QUANTITATIVELY MANAGEDLevel 5OPTIMIZINGProcess unpredictable,Poorly controlled and oxidizableProcesses characterised for projects,and is often reactiveProcesses characterised for theOrganisation and is proactiveProcess measured,and controlledFocus on processimprovementFigure 5 The Capability Maturity ModelHumphrey, 1989