The Botany of the Tobacco Plant

There are few activities more controversial than smoking tobacco. Smoking is clearly detrimental to human health, but there is little doubt that tobacco is a highly profitable plant species. Lets learn more about the plant itself, including its history, anatomy and physiology, growth habit plant types, and other potential uses. History and Background of Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum is the Latin name for tobacco. It belongs to the plant family Solanaceae, so, perhaps surprisingly, tobacco is botanically related to potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplant! Tobacco is native to the Americas, and cultivation was thought to have begun as early as 6000 BCE. It is believed that leaf blades were wilted, dried, and rolled to make primitive cigars. Columbus noted Cuban natives smoking cigars when he discovered America, and in 1560, Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, brought tobacco to England and France. Nicot made a fortune selling the plant to Europeans. Nicot also reportedly gifted tobacco to the queen of France to cure her headaches. (Did you notice that the Latin genus name for tobacco, Nicotiana, was named after Jean Nicot?) Anatomy and Physiology The cultivated tobacco plant normally grows to one or two feet high. The five flower petals are contained within a Corolla and can be colored white, yellow, pink, or red. The tobacco fruit (yes, tobacco bears fruit!) measures at 1.5 - 2 mm, and consists of a capsule containing two seeds. With the tobacco plant, however, it is the leaves that are the most economically important. The leaf blades are enormous, often growing to 20 inches long and 10 inches wide. The leaf shape can be ovate (egg-shaped), obcordate (heart-shaped) or elliptic (oval, but with a small point at one end). The leaves grow toward the base of the plant, and can be lobed or unlobed but are not separated into leaflets. On the stem, the leaves appear alternately, with one leaf per node along the stem. The leaves possess a distinct petiole. The underside of the leaf is fuzzy or hairy. Why are the tobacco leaves important? The leaves are the plant part containing the nicotine. However, the nicotine is manufactured in the plant roots, not the leaves! The nicotine is transported to the leaves via the xylem. Some species of Nicotiana are very high in nicotine content; Nicotiana rustica leaves, for example, can contain up to 18% nicotine. Growing Tobacco Plants Tobacco, a plant that is cultivated as an annual but is actually a perennial, is propagated by seed. The seeds are sown in beds; one ounce of seed in 100 square yards of soil can produce up to four acres of flue-cured tobacco, or up to three acres of burley tobacco. The plants grow for between six and ten weeks before the seedlings are transplanted into the fields. The plants are topped (their heads are cut off!) before the seed head develops, except for those plants that are used to produce next years seed. The reason the plant tops are removed when flowering begins is so all the plants energy goes to increase the size and the thickness of the leaves. The tobacco suckers (the flowering stalks and branches, which appear in response to the plant being topped) are removed so that only the large leaves are produced on the main stem. Because growers want the leaves to be large and lush, the tobacco plants are fertilized very heavily with nitrogen fertilizer. Cigar-wrapper tobacco, a staple of Connecticut agriculture, is produced under partial shade—resulting in thinner and less damaged leaves. Plants grow in the field for three to five months until harvest. The leaves are removed and purposely wilted in drying barns, and fermentation takes place during curing. Tobacco Types Several types of tobacco are grown, depending on their use: Fire-cured, used for snuff and chewing tobacco.Dark air-cured, used for chewing tobacco.Air-cured (Maryland) tobacco, used for cigarettes.Air-cured cigar tobaccos, used for cigar wrappers and fillers.Flue-cured, used for cigarette, pipe, and chewing tobacco.Burley (air-cured), used for cigarette, pipe, and chewing tobacco. Fire curing is basically what the name suggests; open fires are used so that the smoke can reach the leaves. The smoke makes the leaves darker colored and more distinctly flavored. No heat is used in air curing except to prevent mold. In flue curing, heat is applied in such a way that no smoke reaches the leaves hung in racks. Other Potential Uses What other possibilities are there for tobacco, as smoking rates have been vastly reduced over the last 20 years? Believe it or not, there is a possibility that tobacco oils can be used in biofuels. Also, researchers in India have patented an extract from tobacco called solansole, for use in several drug types.

The Red Cross A Non Military Community - 1914 Words

- In a non military community when people hear about the Red Cross they think disaster relief. They have no clue what we do for our service members and veterans. When people hear about the Red Cross in the military community they automatically think of an emergency. There are a number of areas that they are not aware of, regional manager for Services to the Armed Forces and Veterans Yolanda M. Gainwell said. She explained how the Red Cross is located all over the country, and internationally, but that people typically do not look for the organization before they need it. - It s not that the information is not out there or is being put out. It s about how are you receiving it. Most of the time when we go out to an environment and talk to soldiers they re not paying attention. They re there because their commander said they had to go, Gainwell said. She wants people to know that the Red Cross does much more than helping military members through emergencies. The department s main focus is to provide program and services to all active duty service members and veterans. - We ve always partnered with the military community to do an array of things from volunteer engagement to lifesaving courses. The American Red Cross is the only organization that is nationally chartered to provide emergency messaging. That s what differentiates us from any nonprofit organization that supports the military. Emergency messages always has to go through the Red Cross. We are the onlyShow MoreRelatedThe American Red Cross Is A Non For Profit907 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Red Cross is a non for profit, congressionally chartered organization. Its primary focus is to give help anywhere that is needed both here and abroad. 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The American Red Cross has been there for AmericaRead MoreRed Cross Company : A Non Profit And Non Governmental Organization848 Words   |  4 Pages Red Cross Company Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation â€Æ' Background of Organization The American Red Cross Company is a non-profit and non-governmental organization. It is led by volunteers and is an organization of humanitarian nature that is providing the individuals with the emergency assistance, relief from the disaster and emergency relief education within the United States. It is affiliated with that of the International Red Cross Societies and International Red Cross Federations.Read MoreCommunity Resource Paper1616 Words   |  7 PagesCommunity Resource Assignment The American Red Cross is a humanitarian organization that provides significant help to those in need. The organization is a branch of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The organization’s initial goals were to provide humanitarian efforts and other relief during trying times. For example, many felt that the group was formed in response to the destruction caused by the American Civil War. Founder and the group’s first PresidentRead MoreThe American Red Cross Audit1318 Words   |  6 Pagesto seven page summary of the Company, its operations and specific business challenges and risks. Include a discussion of how you would factor in industry and company challenges when developing your audit strategy. American Red Cross Audit Intro Sample. The American Red Cross is a nonprofit humanitarian organization (501(c) (3) Public Charity) that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief, and health or disaster related education in the United States of America. This organization operates toRead MoreActors in the Humanitarian Community683 Words   |  3 Pagesnatural cause. It is then of utmost importance that all the actors in the humanitarian community knows their roles and get their acts together harmoniously. Figure 1 shows the link between these different actors and how they work together (GHA Report, 2011). Who are then these actors within the humanitarian community? Actors in the Humanitarian Community Government A government’s role within the humanitarian community can be classified into two categories. A country may take the role of a recipientRead MoreThe Scene Of A Major Emergency Or Disaster1336 Words   |  6 Pagessituations, it is important to first understand the four main phases involved in a disaster. Outside the actual disaster it is important to take part in preparedness and mitigation activities which can help minimize the impact an event has on the community. One of the most effective phases of disaster planning is preparedness. 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The difference between a statutory and a non-statutory service is that a statutory service is paid by tax payers, funded by the government and is set up by the law. They are usually uniformed and highly professional an example would be the Emergency Services and the Armed Forces. A non-statutory servic e is a service that doesn’t receive a lot of government funding so they are paidRead MoreInternational Organizations : Global Forces For Good1549 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful international organizations can be very effective at helping to create and enforce beneficial regulations. This benefit can come in many different forms. Organizations like the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , or NATO, deal mainly in military support, while the United Nations, or UN, focuses on peacekeeping, as well as human rights and humanitarian aid. Whatever the organization works to improve, be it national security, economy, or quality of life, global organizations throughout the

Medicine River Free Essays

â€Å"Where We Belong† Thomas King’s book â€Å"Medicine River†, is about a man named Will, who no matter what he does, he feels his connections are not he wants when he lived in Toronto, that is, until he goes back home to Medicine River for his mother’s funeral. This is where he meets Harlen Bigbear, a blunt and straight-forward kind of guy who becomes one of Will’s best friends. I feel Harlen is a big reason why Will comes back to Medicine River. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicine River or any similar topic only for you Order Now As much as Will and James, who is Will’s brother, had a mother growing up, I feel Will finally has a sense of family when he goes back to Medicine River. A day out with everyone in town seems to make Will a part of their own. Will is in an intimate friendship with Louise Heavyman and plays the father figure to her infant daughter, South Wing. Harlen, I feel is a big part of Will coming back to Medicine River, Harlen was kind of aggressive on his approach to getting to know Will. Harlen tried to get to know Will. Harlen tried to spice up Medicine River, comparing it to Toronto. He even said that there were no Indian photographers, stating there was no competition for an Indian photographer. Harlen also said that it would be a good idea to â€Å"start [Will’s] own business† (King 90). I feel that if Harlen did not suggest he try, Will probably would have stayed in Toronto. Harlen did everything he could to bring everything Indian back home. How to cite Medicine River, Papers

Comparison of Ambulances and First sight Essay Example For Students

Comparison of Ambulances and First sight Essay The two poems I have chosen have similarities and contrasts. Ambulances is about an ambulance being a symbol of death, and as living beings, it brings closer what is left to come for us. Larkin suffered from necrophobia and this is thus reflected in poems such as Ambulances where he passionately talks about his underlying fears always being there, lying just under all we do. First Sight however is all to do with life and the first things lambs see and experience when first born into this world and is therefore all to do with birth as opposed to Ambulances death. As a similarity though, Larkin was very fond of animals and after he died, he left a large sum of money to the RSPCA. Therefore his passion about animals is reflected in this poem, as they are innocent, suggested from the use of the word white but born into a hostile world, which they have to cope with. The poetic voice in both the poems are third person and although the views may be of a narrator figure who is not Larkin, because of his passion to both subject themes, the views expressed in the poems are safely his.  Ambulance comes from the word Ambulare, which is Latin for to walk/move. Not only is this movement shown in the poem with the visiting of all streets and the traffic parting, but it also connects to First Sight where the first line is about movement, Lambs that learn to walk in snow. The poems differ in their language but have a similar structure. Ambulances has a symmetrical structure, with five stanzas each lasting six lines in length and First Sight has also a symmetrical structure but has two stanzas with seven lines. As for the language, Ambulances is fairly descriptive with figurative imagery created through its use of; similes closed like confessionals; personification loud noons of cities giving back none of the glances they absorb; and alliteration glossy grey and wild white. First Sight however creates a more literal image in our minds of the scene that Larkin wishes to convey, newly stumbling to and fro. The poem does contain some non-literal imagery through the use of alliteration and assonance, wretched width and utterly unlike. Also in the language of the poems, they contrast in that Ambulances uses some positive words, such as solving and borne to create an overall negative effect, whereas First Sight uses some negative words, such as wretched and glare to create an overall positive effect. The themes in the poems sometimes contrast and are sometimes similar. In Ambulances, the world describes is familiar to every reader; death happens and will happen to everyone, it is a world we can relate to. First Sight, however is a world unfamiliar to us, as not only do most people not remember being born but also when born, most people are not subjected to the hostile conditions of the outside world because in the poem, the lambs have no shelter. Ambulances also states that life is unique and everyones is different which blends together to make us who we are, the unique random blend of families and fashion, whereas First Sight states that life is the same for the lambs, an ongoing circle for all generations, Earths immeasurable surprise. Also, the idea of a circle is shown from using the same word, snow at the end of both the first and the last line of the poem. A result, moreover, from all of this is a similarity. Although the reader may not be able to relate to the experiences of First Sight, what happens, happens to all lambs, shown through the use of plural and they, just as in Ambulances, All streets in time are visited again shows it happens to everyone. .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 , .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .postImageUrl , .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 , .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689:hover , .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689:visited , .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689:active { border:0!important; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689:active , .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689 .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6aae7e9ba06ba7795fcbb6351d24689:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Punishment by Seamus Heaney EssayBoth poems have rhetoric endings, with Larkin cogently revealing his response to the experience. In Ambulances, he declares that we cannot escape death and that the paradox is that as the ambulance moves away, it can bring death closer to us. Death is the end of an era. The same is in First Sight. Larkin expresses how, because the lambs are innocent in that they have no prescience; they live off their instincts and are not able to grasp the concept of change.

NE WIN PERIOD Essays - State Of Burma, Military Dictatorships

NE WIN PERIOD Ne Win Period On 2 march 1962 General NeWin led the military coup detat which overthrew the parliamentary government of U Nu in Burma. He was the longtime Burmese strongman who seized control of his country in a military coup in 1962 and set up an authoritarian government that transformed his homeland, once one of the most prosperous parts of the British Empire, into one of the world's poorest nations. The government of general Ne Win seizure of power, which was rapid, nonviolent, and Ne win military rule continued until four decades. Besides, as soon after new win led the Burma army, he then overthrows U Nus government. U Nu and his ministers are jailed along with over thirty Shan and Karen leaders. Arresting U Nu, along with his cabinet and the tribal chiefs. Claiming he would give Burma a government "appropriate to its needs", he declared martial law, dissolved the legislature and supreme court and abolished the constitution. During the period from 1962 the country was absolutely transformed into a socialist one-party state under the leadership of General Ne Wins and military was declared as the supreme authority. After the coup, the constitution was suspended, dissolved the parliament, abolished the state councils and took control over the state. All political parties, associations and unions were illegalized banned the formation of political parties, protest were brutally suppressed. In form and theory Myanmar remained a federal state but in practical the military junta treated the country as a unitary state . He also established Revolutionary Council which composed entirely of military officials loyal to him. Ne Wins loyal officers initiated military reform as requested and turned the Burmese military into a formidable army. The reform plan included recruitment and training to expand the military, establishment of effective intelligence services, setting up defense institutions, drawing up military doctrines and arms procurement . This coup in 1962 marked the end of constitutional democracy and the beginning of direct military rule in Myanmar. Unfortunately, the military coup in Myanmar since 1962 has failed to address the countrys ongoing governance problems and made things worse.This leads to people rise up to oppose government such as demonstration of the student activists and religious leaders. In the summer of 1988, hundreads of thousand of farmers, urban workers, students, monk and civil servants took to the streets to demonstrate against their government leaders. They denounce military rule in government as there civilian should be in the seat of government. This demonstration action taken by the military government with violence. Causing casualties, as many as 3,000 demonstrators were killed in the action. The event known as the "Generation 88", which involves a series of students and monks. After long government ruled by Genereal Ne Win he then resign from his position as party Chairman in favor of General Sein Lwin in the last session of Congress IV Burma Socialist Programme Party (PPSB), Ne Win announced that he would resign from his position as head of state. He argued that his health began to fail. The end of the reign of Ne Win as Head of State later replaced by the Military Juntai SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration Council).

A Proposal for a Web

A Proposal for a Web Introduction The proposition to utilize web-based credit approval systems to enhance the credit approval process is an appealing prospect for banks and other lending institutions. This is because the credit approval process is laden with risks that all lending institutions spend many resources managing.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on A Proposal for a Web-Enabled Hybrid Intelligent System Architecture in Support of Solving Credit Approval Problems in Banks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The risks arise from poor quality information brought about by fraudulent applications, interagency nature of its collection and outdated information. By using a web-based system, the efficacy of the process will improve, reducing the process overheads and increasing the margin for the banks. It calls for the use of a system architecture designed to produce the best possible results from the analysis of credit applications. The re are a number of system architecture options to choose from in the process of designing such a system. Their typical composition includes, a database, model base and a user interface, which interact to produce the analysis report that decision makers rely on . They form the critical components of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems used for decision support. Burnside and Kahn (2004) identified the most common AI tools as, â€Å"Bayesian Network, Artificial Neural Networks, Case-Based Reasoning and Rule Based Systems†. In the case of a Web-Based decision support system for credit approval, the system must solve two problems. The first problem is the comprehensiveness and accuracy of information. This problem arises from databases in use because each database has its limitations. Some provide more wholesome information on clients than others. The second problem is in the procedural issues that relate to the handling of the information. The preferred solution encompasses, on one hand, a large data collection capacity that spans the entire internet, and on the other hand, a superior processing capacity of data for the availing of critical information credit officers require to make lending decisions. The system proposed to meet this challenge will utilize Bayesian system running on a web-based platform for frontline screening. It wil make possible the identification of clients with the best possible credentials for credit.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second set of AI tools it will use is Rule-Based System and Case-Based Reasoning to identify potential for fraud. The third tool for it to use is the Artificial Neural Networks to provide massive fraud detection capabilities. Proposal of System Architecture Performance Specifications The required system must meet the following specifications. It requires the capacity to ha ndle a large volume of data. Data handling includes data acquisition and filtering. The security needs of the system will also require attention. The system should identify and flag incomplete or inconsistent individual applications to detect fraud and inconsistent applications. The third element that the system must have the capacity to handle is the ability to detect massive fraud. This stems from the possibility of the generation of multiple identities to defraud financial institutions. AI tools The proposed system employs AI tools at three levels. Bayesian Networks form the first level. They consist of a structure, a set of probabilities, and an inference algorithm, which forms the basis of operations. Expert input goes into the development of the inference algorithm. This makes it useful for frontline screening. A practical application of this AI tool is the separation of clients who have the characteristics that match those of clients with good relationships, from those whose initial conditions match clients with difficult relationships. This will help to weed out clients who do not bring in the potential for a good relationship with the bank. The second level consists of Artificial Neural Networks and Case-Based Reasoning systems. At this level the feature that it will have include the capacity to detect fraud by identifying similar patterns in new credit applications, which may be fraudulent. Artificial Neural Networks provide the basis for deriving relationships between various data sets. On the other hand, Case-Based Reasoning provides the capacity to compare fresh applications with the ones stored in the database. It provides the credit officer with the comparison of the two data sets ensuring that there is no repeating of mistakes made in the past.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on A Proposal for a Web-Enabled Hybrid Intelligent System Architecture in Support of Solving Credit Approval Problems in Banks specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third level will comprise of Rule–Based Reasoning, which will allow forward chaining, and back chaining to analyze applications. This tool makes it possible for credit officers to determine whether an application will end up in a successful relationship poor whether it will end up in fraud. In addition, it can provide information that will make it possible for the banks to design its marketing effort by starting with the desired final conditions, and using the tool to generate the initial ones. Physical Architecture The physical architecture of the system will comprise of the standard computing equipment. There are a number of topology choices for the system. They include the star topology that links PC’s in an asterisk pattern, bus topology that have all the PC’s connected to a main network line, ring topology whose main feature is the circular interconnection of all PC’s using, â€Å"paire d physical interfaces† with other network equipment. Point to point connection applies when there are only two devices in the network, while point to multipoint applies when all the devices connect to a specific device. Schematic diagrams of star, ring and bus topologiesAdvertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For the system under consideration, the best system architecture will be a hybrid system featuring the bus topology, and the point to multipoint topology. All the computers used for analysis will connect to the bus while the main storage server will be at one end of the bus with a point to multipoint connection. The other connection and the end of the bus will be the internet server. In addition to the PC’s, the system will require a number of components that will provide the basis for utilization of internet search capabilities. This includes servers, switches, routers, hubs, and network cables. Protocol Architecture At the protocol architecture level, there is a choice of two protocol models. They are the TCI/IP model and Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Network Model. There is widespread use of the TCP/IP model, hence it presents the least installation challenges, and has capacity for expansion and cross platform communication. All the layers that the OSI model has are i ncluded in the TCP/IP model. This means that there is minimum loss when using TCP/IP. Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI Model Layers Therefore, the proposed system features four artificial intelligence tools at the software level, the TCP/IP protocol, and a hybrid topology that includes bus, and point to multipoint topologies. The three elements take care of the software requirements of the system, the physical interconnection and the networking platform required for making the entire system operable. Selection and Justification of Software Packages The Business Criteria Business operations design their systems to achieve any number of business objectives that ensure that the business returns a profit. The two forms these measures take are increasing revenue and cutting costs. The proposed system will lead to increase in revenue by eliminating business uncertainties. It will do this by providing the bank with the ideal starting conditions in the lending process, checking it against the application brought in and based on the system, making appropriate judgments. With this system, the bank can quickly determine whether a particular credit relationship is worth pursuing in the first place. In addition, the banks will be able to work backwards to identify who its target customers are, therefore providing a greater degree of focus for its marketing efforts. On cost savings, the system will seek to eliminate fraud, which is a serious loss risk to the bank. This will protect the banks revenue and will ensure the bank does not incur the losses through fraud. This will improve the margin. Management Criteria The system will be labor intensive at the onset. It will require various experts and analysis to develop the AI components, while networking engineers will be the ones to install all the networking equipment. In addition, software programmers will develop the system and install the required user interfaces which the credit officers will use to access the system resour ces. The justification of all this effort from a management point of view is that it will reduce the effort spent in analyzing applications and related costs, such as litigation costs from fraudulent applications. Other management issues that the system will solve include better marketing strategy because of better identification of the target market. Technical Criteria, The choice of the system includes the best technologies available in terms of AI, the best physical topology that provides for enhanced functionality, and the use of TCP/IP, which is the most recommended networking protocol. This means that this is the best possible design given current state of development and limitations. In addition, elements like ease of implementation and maintenance come to the fore. Other considerations Other considerations in the criteria included in the system design include the security requirements of the system. As an internet based system, there need to ensure that the system is secure is high. Cyber security of the system should have a high degree of robustness because the system will face cyber attacks from different quarters. Explanation for the choice given The choices given for the above system take into account the need to implement a robust system that can handle the sensitive requirements of AI tools and to provide uncompromising performance required for the banking business. The business will not have much time for down time hence the software implementation must be such that it has minimum maintenance requirements, and performs its tasks well. System Evaluation Measures and Methods Fisher (2008) identified six measures that a proposed system needs to go through before evaluation. These measures include measurement of functionality, technology, software vendor, implementation, maintenance, and support, and the total cost of ownership. Functionality refers to the way the software fulfils its assigned role to it in the system. This calls for a careful compa rison between software options that can support the required system functions. The one selected and implemented must be the one that fulfils the functions assigned best. The second measure to consider in the evaluation of a software option is technology. Technology refers to the degree of congruence and compatibility with the programming platform and the database in use. This means that the software option chosen should be able to work well with the systems carrier platform and the form of database that it will interrogate. It also calls for settling for software that in-house staff members are familiar. It is also prudent to pick software that will operate well within the rest of the organizations systems. The third major issue to consider during software evaluation is the degree of support that the vendor will provide after the implementation of the software. It is crucial to know whether the vendor will provide enhancements and additional support after selling the software. Fishe r (2008) says that when someone buys software from a vendor, he is not just buying software, but he is establishing a relationship with the vendor. The fourth major consideration during software evaluation is implementation. Again, the vendor is critical. The idea is to find a vendor who will provide support to the implementation team and continue providing support during the entire implementation phase to ensure that the implementation team handles all technicalities. The next issue that is critical in the evaluation of software is support and maintenance. While having in-house staff to maintain the system is a good practice, the need for a relationship with the vendor where they provide upgrades and regular software check is very critical. This stems from the fact that the vendors provide a wide range of software solutions to different clients. They therefore have a wider experience with the systems operations and functions. It makes them uniquely qualified to find holes in the sy stem and to close them up in their entire software range before they cause any real damage to all their clients. Finally, there is need to have in mind the total cost of ownership when evaluation software. The costs here include cost of licenses, cost of maintenance and cost of upgrades. Fisher (2008) recommends looking at these costs over a five to seven year horizon to determine the long-term costs of implementing the software. In order to ensure that the entire project achieves the objectives, the need for the application of good IT project management skills will come into play. The project will require organization into stages marked by relevant milestones. This will make sure that there is adequate preparation and implementation of each stage including testing to achieve the set objectives. Conclusion The process of implementing a web enabled hybrid intelligent system that supports credit approval process in banks has several bearings. From the discussions presented above, we c an conclude the following. A strong business, management, and technical case for implementing software project to address the credit approval problems that banks face, exists. The business case is that it will reduce overheads by improving the efficiency and certainty of the approval process. It will also reduce losses associated with fraud and will make it possible to cut back on litigation costs arising from defaulting, thereby reducing overheads. From a management front, the system will reduce the overall business management requirement of the system by taking up the work required to process applications. Finally, the availability of the AI techniques to implement this system makes it technically viable. The system will use a combination of AI tools to achieve the goals. These techniques include Bayesian Networks, Case-Based reasoning, Rule Based reasoning and Artificial Neural Networks. The arrangement of these tools will be to provide the best result for the functions since eac h has its strengths and weaknesses. Use of TCP/IP as the most appropriate protocol architecture will bring in the benefits of easy linking with various information networks found on the internet Security concerns will form a key aspect of the implementation process because the system will operate on a web-based platform. This will expose if to cyber attacks hence the need to invest in cyber security for the system. In order to evaluate appropriately the suitability of the software choices, the system will call for the application of several measures. These measures include functionality, technology, software vendor and implementation. In addition, it will require taking into account maintenance, support and the total cost of ownership. These elements necessary for the implementation of a web-based decision support system that will provide a solution to credit approval problems that banks face. Reference List Burnside, E.S. Kahn, C.E., 2004. Artificial Intelligence Helps Provide Dec ision Support in Radiology. [Online] UBM Medica LLC Available at: diagnosticimaging.com/cme/display-cme/article/113619/1173862 . Evans, T., 2011. Improving Your Credit Rating. [Online] Available at: thisismoney.co.uk/credit-rating . Fisher, C.R., 2008. 6 Key Software Evaluation Criteria. [Online] Available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?6-Key-Software-Evaluation-Criteriaid=1784790 . Hill Associates, 2002. Telecommunications: A Beginners Guide. Berkeley: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. InetDaemon, 2011. InetDaemon: Real training for Internet Professionals. [Online] Available at: http://inetdaemon.com/tutorials/networking/index.shtml . Leotta, J., 2011. Credit Approval. [Online] Advameg, Inc. Available at: referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Cos-Des/Credit-Approval.html . Lewis, M., 2010. Credit Rating: How it Works and How to Improve it.. [Online] Available at: moneysavingexpert.com/loans/credit-rating-credit-score . Microsoft, 2011. TCP/IP Protocal Architecture. [Online] Available at: http:// technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958821.aspx . Oesterreichische Nationalbank, 2004. Guidelines on Credit Risk Management: Credit Approval Process and Credit Risk Management. Vienna: OeNB Printing Office. Power, D.J., 2002. Decision Support Systems: Concepts and Resources for Managers. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Servigny, A. Renault, O., 2004. Measuring and Managing Credit Risk. Illustrated ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. The Computer Technology Documentation Project, 2011. Network Layers. [Online] Available at: comptechdoc.org/independent/networking/protocol/protlayers.html . Zopounidis, C. Doumpos, M., 2011. Decision Support Systems. [Online] Available at: referenceforbusiness.com/management/De-Ele/Decision-Support-Systems.html .

Botanic Gardens Tourist Management Strategies

The â€Å"City Botanic Gardens† is one of the heritages gardens which are located in the Brisbane, Australia. It is bordered by the Alice Street, Brisbane River, Parliament House, George Street and Queensland University (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The Gardens display most mature gardens in Brisbane with some rare botanic species. The collection of garden includes rare collection of palms, cycads, bamboo and figs. The site was added to the â€Å"Queensland Heritage Register† on 1997. The site is being described as most significant â€Å"non Aboriginal cultural† landscape in the heart of Queensland. The site is known to have a continuous horticultural heritage which has suffered minimal land loss area or modification in use (Cowell, 2015). The site is considered as a premier â€Å"public heritage park† which is used for recreational facility. The park is prises of three main sections such as Queens Park, Botanic Gardens and former Government domain (Brisban e.qld.gov.au, 2016). The gardens are bordered with mature trees which create avenues as well as grooves. The site provides ample avenues for recreational activities such as lake, gardens, formal lawns and structures (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The site successfully displays the evolution pattern of the Queensland history. It also prises of the endangered ponents of the cultural history of Queensland. There are several varieties of plants at Queensland that are ornamental in nature or agricultural which can be traced back to the â€Å"Brisbane Botanic Gardens†. This site is an important ponent in displaying particular class characteristics of particular cultural place (Sutherland, 2014). There are several historic structures in the park such as band pavilion, Walter Hill Drinking Fountain, boundary stone walls, bear pit shelter and cast iron railings (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). The site also presents aesthetic significance which provides visual amenity and values prising of natural wildlife (Brisbane.qld.gov.au, 2016). There has been strong association of the culture, munity and spiritual ponents with this park. The park is a mon place for several social events as well as popular tourist description. The heritage site has provided with ample cultural solutions to the general public. However, the site faces the issues of urban conservation. There have been inadequate conservation measures towards the natural botanical habitants. This creates challenges for the park authorities. There are issues with the erosion and conservation of the plants. The nutrient levels get degraded that prise of damage due to pet waste, fertilizers and pollution (Miller et al., 2016). There is degradation of the natural land cover. There are issues with the horticulture research that is faced by the heritage park. It doesn’t engage in sufficient scientific research. The park provides limited opportunities for the education of the school as well as college students. There are not enough facilities for the purpose of education regarding the plants and the natural habitats. The garden is prone to the damaging effect of the climate change (Derkzen, Van Teeffelen & Verburg, 2017). The plants need healt hy atmosphere to survive for a long period. The environmental damage is having an adverse effect on the maintenance of the botanic habitats. The botanic garden is facing the issue of water shortage. The increased human demand has reduced the water supply on which the plants are dependant. The botanic garden faces constant challenges of lack of funds which creates difficulty for smooth functioning of the garden. The lack of funds creates problems in the operation of the garden (Moody, 2013). The authorities are unable to perform routine maintenance of the gardens due to limited funds (Derkzen, Van Teeffelen & Verburg, 2017). They are also unable to carry out any beatification project for the garden. This makes the garden unable to attract tourists in large numbers. The garden management is unable to protect the park from overuse which often causes exploitation of the plant life. The non-development of the botanical life is a matter of concern for the garden authorities. This implies that the existing botanical life would not be replaced by newer ones which would decrease the value of the garden (Thorpe, 2014). The non-addition of the plants would lead to stagnant position of the botanical garden. The site also faces the issue of littering and vandalism. There are instances when the garden authority has received plaints of littering. There are instances when the waste material, rubbish, glass, paper, debris and the garbage are spread here and there within the garden authorities. The public often litter on the sidewalks, alleys and the streets of the botanic garden. There are mercial wastes which are always disposed at the garden premises. There are often instances of vandalism which occur at the garden premises. It is often seen that there are ruthless acts of damage to the garden properties which often causes issues for the garden management. The unlawful destruction of the properties of the garden authorities has caused issues in the past. Erosion and conservation of the plants- In Australia, there is significant development in the science and development field which have increased the participation of the farmers in the innovative systems (Uphoff, 2013). Horticulture research- The horticulture science societies have successfully managed to implement a large number of changes in fields such as ecology, botany, genetics, plant physiology, plant breeding and others. Limited opportunities for the education- There are botanic gardens which engage in education of the mon people including the school going students. They impact learning based on the importance of the plants and the global ecosystem at large. The information should be provided on the plant species distribution and plant taxonomy (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). Climate change- The botanic gardens face constant challenges of the climate changes which have major impact on the natural ecosystem. The International Agenda of the Botanic Gardens in conservation has led to clarify the roles of the botanic garden in international market (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). One key role identified in the process is the conservation of plant. Emphasis is also being laid on the providing safety net through the process of living plant collections and seed banks as well as germplasm collections (Anbg.gov.au, 2016). Water shortage- The concerned authorities are engaging in water conservation measures that emphasis on the reduced water consumption. The trees as well as plants are of great cultural value and the survival of the plants is dependent on the water supply. In the Royal Botanic Gardens of Australia, the turf areas are being converted to the â€Å"warm season grasses† such as Kikayu (Rbg.vic.gov.au, 2016). They are more water efficient than others. Lack of funds- The botanic gardens strive to aim for international investors and try to engage in international partnerships in the horticulture sector (Beer, 2016). There should have supplement activities as well as programs which would lead to greater revenue generation. Overuse- The biodiversity should be used to improve the current condition of the botanic gardens and a conscious effort has been made to reduce the exploitation on the plants (Beer, 2016). Non-development of the botanical life- A dedicated effort of garden restoration should be carried out to preserve the native plants and increase the diversity of the plants (Beer, 2016).   It is important to implement changes in the day to day functioning of the botanic garden so that the necessary problems can be solved. The erosion as well as conservation of the plants is of utmost importance which should be given utmost importance. The development of the science would enable the conservation of the plants in the botanic garden. The garden authorities should focus more on the research concerning the horticulture and the related disciplines such as genetics, botany, plant breeding, plant physiology. The authorities should concentrate more on the education opportunities, which would increase the attraction of the botanic garden. The garden should engage in devising strategies which would fight against the increasing climate change. It should also concentrate on the conservation of water and increase the areas which focus on warm season grasses.   The garden authorities should concentrate on the generation of funds through different sources. The private donors as well as the corporate sponsorships should be focused on so that the garden can have smooth functioning. It would also try to make conscious effort towards maintenance of the garden. An increased effort should be undertaken for the development of the botanical life. Both hard and soft approach of management should be taken for improving the current situation. The littering should be strictly penalized and strict supervision should be done that would ensure no person can engage in unlawful activities. This is a hard approach which needs to be implemented. If anyone found doing littering, then strict fine should be imposed on them. The issue of vandalism should be dealt with strict action and if necessary, adequate legal action should be taken. A soft approach may also be taken which would ensure that the garden authorities would ensure that sufficient sign boards are put on the garden which would educate the tourists. The City Botanic Garden is one of the most popular heritage gardens in the Australia. There is great collection of natural botanic collection in Australia. There are several problems with the botanic site which are discussed in detail. There are several issues discussed such as erosion as well as conservation of the plants, issues with horticulture research, limited opportunities for education purposes, climatic variations, water shortages, issues with financing, exploitation of the plant life, littering, vandalism and the non-development of the botanic life. The concluding part of the report has given suitable suggestions to improve the current problems. Australian National Botanic Gardens - Botanical Web Portal. (2016).  Anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.anbg.gov.au Beer, D. (2016). The Australian national botanic gardens.  Australian Garden History,  28(1), 24. Brisbane City Council. (2016).  Brisbane.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au Cowell, J. (2015). Brisbane: Our active, healthy city.  Australasian Parks and Leisure,  18(2), 38. Derkzen, M. L., Van Teeffelen, A. J., & Verburg, P. H. (2017). Green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation: How do residents’ views on climate impacts and green infrastructure shape adaptation preferences?.  Landscape and Urban Planning,  157, 106-130. Miller, J. S., Lowry, P. P., Aronson, J., Blackmore, S., Havens, K., & Maschinski, J. (2016). Conserving biodiversity through ecological restoration: the potential contributions of botanical gardens and arboreta.  Candollea,  71(1), 91-98. Moody, E. J. R. (2013). The Implementation of munity Gardens to Address Interconnected Problems Related to Food Deserts in Urban Memphis, Tennessee. Rbg.vic.gov.au (2016).  Home | Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.  Rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au Sutherland, A. (2014). Playful access.  Australasian Leisure Management, (105), 58. Thorpe, D. (2014).  The'one Planet'Life: A Blueprint for Low Impact Development. Routledge. Uphoff, N. (Ed.). (2013).  Agroecological innovations: increasing food production with participatory development. Routledge. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from