Economic development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economic teaching - Coursework ExampleThis reading focuses on the economic development in Africa through agricultural activities. This considers the use of turn out agricultural techniques in order to increase the yields for food security purposes. The common challenges faced by African farmers entail soil exhaustion, water insufficiency and distorted economics caused undeveloped infrastructures. This implies that the poor soil birthrate hinders the growth of some crops. This is because the local farmers engage in over farming and insufficient crop rotation. The innovation of poor infrastructures contributes to high production costs because the farmer cannot access fertilizers and other inputs. Similarly, constant water scarcity due to periodic drought spells also affect Africas agricultural sector.This reading discusses the population magnification in developing nations, regardless of the favorable conditions. The author explores the population growth rate of Kenya in which it emerges that adults argon free to give birth to any number of children. The people do not care just about the availability of health care facilities, food or other aspects. The population explosion concept threatens human due to scramble for space, resources and economic activities. The Maragoli documental depicts the struggles of women across the world since they cannot control birth rates. The underlining aspect of the documentary is that, in reality, population increases, but the amenities remain the same.The focus of this reading is the developmental challenge of political and criminal violence. It tackles the negative influences of the two aspects, such as destruction of property, death, displacement of people and economic stagnation among others. For instance, children brought up in hostile environments suffer from malnourishments and illiteracy. The millennium development goal (MDG) project has been unable to come across its objectives of uplifting the living standards i n

What do you see as Maryland s biggest transportation issue and how Essay

What do you see as doctor s biggest transportation issue and how would you solve it - Essay ExampleMajority of these citizens have to use their private cars due to the limited public transportation systems incurring very high gas expenses. Research by the Bureau of Labor estimates that households use 20% of their income on transportation expenses (Cardin). The commute from rural, Southern Maryland to the urban, Federal area takes a toll on many forcing them to opt for cheaper, unlimited housing opportunities in beside states such as Virginia.Congestion on Marylands highways costs the state a lot of money. Many drop dead productive working hours stuck in concern. In a survey done by the U.S Census Bureau, traffic volume increased exponentially in a span of 10 years (1998-2008) to 17.2% however, transport root word expanded only by 7% (Cox, 2009). This meant that the infrastructure is unable to meet the high demand lede to congestion.In conclusion, unless state officials find l asting solutions to the transportation crisis, the states economy will plummet. The high expenses incurred from gas using up for personal cars, and the loss of productive time on congested highways is among the challenges state officials must

Impact of mass food production on food borne illness outbreaks Essay

Impact of muckle food production on food borne complaint outbreaks - Essay Exampleclude Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli O157H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogene, amongst others, but the ones mainly amenable for mass outbreaks are Escherichia coli O157H7 (E. Coli), and Listeria monocytogene. These pathogens are highly sustainable and productive, thus their ability to withstand the extremes in the production processes, and reproduce rapidly to contaminate the entire, or most of the production lines. This essay will conduct a research and give the findings of how directly responsible the mass food production industry is in causing Foodborne disease outbreaks.The World Health establishment (WHO) conducts what is referred to as public wellness surveillance which is a process involving the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of the morbidity and mortality data that is essential for the plan, implementation, and evaluating of public health servi ces, and relaying of the information in time for public health action. The aim of such(prenominal) is to identify strange clusters of outbreaks probablely transmitted through food, and might prompt a public health response or investigation (World Health Organization 9). The WHO and many other organizations conduct researches and studies, which indicate that, indeed, mass food production is a major potential cause of Foodborne illnesses.According to Monica Eng, a Chicago Tribune reporter, magnetic core consumption has risen over the last forty years but the surprise in it is that tribe pay less than half of what is cost back then. The reason for this is the housing of thousands of animals in confined factory farms that cut down the cost of producing protein, thus the low cost of the commodities. However, Monica argues, these cheap production processes have potential dangers of their own, including the exorbitant rise of health care expenditures. She states, But the system also ha s created disasters like last months deliver of half a billion salmonella-tainted eggs. Critics

Religious Freedom and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

apparitional Freedom and Human Rights - Essay Examplee of the interthemeist Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which guarantees and protects fundamental human licenses, in that respect are a banding of cases of their brutal violation. According to the International Religious Freedom Report for 2013, roughly 400 Shiite and 80 Christians were off during the attack of sectarians in Pakistan and are exposed to serious danger in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Iran. Different phantasmal minorities, including Hindus, are subjected to oppression and physical abuse in Bangladesh due to political instability in the country. Buddhist groups demolished churches and mosques in Shri Lanka. Falun Gong followers and Catholic clergymen were incarcerated and tormented in China (International Religious Freedom Report, 2013, p. 2). So, several questions arise do people really have the freedom of faith and where lies the engagement between ghostly liberty and religious extremism?The purpose of the paper is to define the concept of religious freedom. Further, it will analyze the impact of this notion on human rights. Also, it will evaluate the importance of religious freedom for the functioning of international system.Though it is popularly believed that religious freedom originated in Western culture, there is persuasive evidence indicating that this concept came from ancient Persia, Sumeria, Africa and China. In conformity with Persian Documentation and Hebrew Scriptures, around 2,600 years ago Cyrus the Great implemented the policy of adopting tolerant attitude towards people of different religions. This governing restored Jewish outcasts right of returning to their fatherland. Other holy texts pointed out that there essential not be any coercion in religious beliefs (Hertzke, 2012, p. 109).Freedom of religion is universally hold to be one of the fundamental human rights. It is stated in different declarations of the United Nations Organization, international agreements and national legislation. Article 18 of the

Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Community - Essay ExampleI attended a collection organized by the California State University, Northridge to address the issue of women sanction in Latin America. The Conference was held on 12th December 2011, with powerful women attending, including Oprah Winfrey and Hillary Clinton. One of the objectives of the conference was to show that disrespect the negative prejudices placed on women, there are those who have conquered that belief and succeeded in their daily undertakings. Womens great contributions to the community were greatly acknowledged, especially those realized in hospitals, schools, and institutions that support the poor.In the conference, it was noted that sparing inequalities as well as legal and political structures play a vital role in worsening the overall empowerment of women. In her speech, Oprah Winfrey stated that inheritance laws and ethnic practices discriminate and undermine women in several fields (Ellison 233). For example, in some of the Latin Ameri can communities, girls inherit half as more than as their brothers, while mothers get less than what their children get and if children pass away, mothers inherit less than fathers do. Such cultural practices deny women key resources that can help them emerge as successful people in the society.The conference was organized in a way that, the day was divided into shorter sessions and evening sessions where the real objective of fine-looking the techniques to be used by women to conquer the social prejudices were addressed by the speakers. The audience did not exist of women alone, but men as well, since the whole community has a role to play in the empowerment of women. The conference seemed extremely lively as everyone participated wholly in his or her own way. Some questionnaires were passed some in the conference concerning women issues, and the audience ware so positive in answering. Participants

Administrative Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Administrative Power - Essay ExamplePublic administration is wholly intertwined in the problems and all the activities of the society, and hence, it does not operate alone (Stillman, 2010).Norton Long argues that, power is the lifeblood and backbone of administration (Stillman, 2010). Power attainment, increase, maintenance, waste material and loss, are factors that seatnot be ignored by administrators. Long argues that, ignoring these medical prognosiss can lead to failure and loss of realm. In the case of the Columbia accident, which happened in February 2003, killing seven crew members, the administration was to blame for the loss of lives. The disparage suspected by the engineers before the shuttle left orbit was downplayed by the NASA managers, who limited the investigations. External constrict from the white house and the congress to meet the date set for launching, made NASA managers to authorize the launching, even when it was surface that foaming was occurring on the left wing of Columbia. Failure to address issues or risks fully or postponing them, can lead to loss of life, a situation which detracts an organizations power.Bureaucracy and ingrained pressure are key aspects of administrative power, and that partake a significant task in enhancing or detracting the administrative power. Bureaucracy, when by rights applied without too much pressure, can enhance an organizations administrative power. NASA employees were under internal pressure, to meet a deadline hence, the seven crew members went ahead with their project to launch, even with the awareness of risks. This caused the American people, who were loyal to the countrys endeavors in aerospace, to diminish the value and effectiveness of NASA.Power is a coveted aspect in life, and the blood life of administration, as Long said (Stillman, 2010). Administrators strive to gain and retain power, and in the process, they employ various means to ensure that they remain in power. Long

Financial options are easier to value than the common stocks to which Essay

monetary natural selections are easier to lever than the mutual beginnings to which they relate. Discuss - Essay ExampleIn case of requital of dividends also, the viridity stocks are allocated dividends only after the preferred stockholders are paid in full. Thus the evaluation of roughhewn stock is an area of interest for the investors as it gives an idea of the financial health of the smart set and also a forecast of the forthcoming in terms of profit and loss to be incurred by the company. The valuation of familiar stock is represented in terms of its present value or fair value or intrinsic value (Moyer,Moyer, McGuigan,Raoand Kretlow, p.249). pecuniary Options Financial options are contracts which give the right to the owner of the Option to steal or shift an rudimentary stock at certain agreed upon damage within a certain period of time. The owner of the financial option is, however, not obligated to buy or sell the underlying stock within the specified time fra me. The agreed upon price is called the strike price. When the buyer executes the option of buying the underlying security at the strike price, it is called call option. When the buyer executes the option of selling the underlying security at the strike price, it is called put option. ... Financial options are a part of the financial derivatives. The valuation of option depends on the difference between the market price of the underlying security and the strike price and subsequently the discounted expected value of that difference at the time of expiration of the option (Brigham andEhrhardt, p.273). Valuation Financial Options and Common Stock The valuation of common stock is based on the determination of present value of the stock taking into account the expected bullion flows of the company in prospective. The methods applied for valuation of common stock are discounted cash flow method, dividend discount model, etc. The DCF (discounted cash flow model) takes into account the f orecasted future cash flows which are determined on the basis of growth regularise and terminal growth rate of the company. Factors like depreciation, net profit, capital expenditure, change of working capital, cost of equity as discounting factor is considered for determine the fair value of common stock (Pinto, CFA,Henry, CFA,Robinson, CFA,Stowe and CFA, p.183). The DDM (dividend discount model) for common stock valuation assumes constant payment of dividends by the company. The model includes forecasting future dividend payout ratio and earnings per share in order to figure out future dividend payments by the company. The determination of present value of common stock is done by discounting the future dividend payments by the cost of equity. The valuation of common stock thus takes into account the expected future cash flows which are affected according to the risk factors. Therefore, valuation of common stock is affected by the company risk, industry risk and market risk. The company risk and the overall industry risk of common stock could be mitigated by

Book Banning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Banning - Essay illustrationOne could always come out with the excuses that a specific work of literature or a book could destabilize the indian lodge or may have a drastic affect on the impressionable minds (Nocera, 1982).. However, the very minute upon of banning books violates the stopdom of speech guaranteed in the constitution and amounts to the deplorable act of suppressing an idea. No free society can allow for the suppression of original and innovative ideas. Freedom and creativeness is primarily about allowing for a free play of ideas in a nation and a society, and the act of censorship or the suppression of ideas amounts to clever and academic elitism or for that matter orthodoxy.Books should never be banned, particularly in the multicultural societies, which are always open to relative and multiple interpretations of ideas. In a free society, every idea and ideology has the right to find its place in the print. Just because a commodious section of the society or a majority group does not particularly agree with an idea, this in no way allows for constraining or hampering the dissemination of an idea cherished and liked by a minority part of the society. Certainly, it does not mean that there exists nothing like bad or unworthy ideas. However, even if an idea is bad or evil in its ramifications, the censorship or banning of such an idea not only bolsters its hold over the society, but hits hard at the very total ethos of the democratic societies like free speech, tolerance and the acceptance of off beat or innovative ideas and views. Ideas should be counteracted, and opposed by ideas and not by autocratic and coercive means like statutory provisions and governmental or resign regulation (Nocera, 1982). Such ethos not only allow a society to be ever fresh, innovative and vibrant, but usher in a quintessentially tolerant and catholic intellectual atmosphere, where a free flow and interaction of multiple ideas leads to growth, developm ent and a continual revival of the society. A controversial work of literature always has the potential to give way to debates and discussions in the social arena, which is the stylemark of all the free and democratic societies.To some extent, the banning of the books is justified, especially in the contemporary scenarios marred by a widespread proliferation of hate ideologies and international terrorism. However, the kind of books that need to be banned are the ones that press hate and intolerance against a particular section of the society, that teach people to operate lethal weapons and how to authorize bombs, that entail to perpetrate violence and abuse, that threaten or intimidate the masses or that discernibly and unambiguously intend to jeopardize social, religious and political harmony and tolerance. Yet, the very act of censorship and book banning coldness be carried beyond the limits of reason and understanding by framing or dubbing the diverse or varied interpretation s of ideas as being blasphemous, anti-social, pervert or unpatriotic. So its better that the national conscience and the state focus their power on obstructing and suppressing the obviously violent and intolerant groups and texts,

Therapy Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Therapy Models - Essay ExampleAccording to the paper, in order to achieve success, in this possibility, is to break the habits and thought patterns that the patient is constantly trapped in. The urge to consumer an addictive substance is so strong that the patient cannot fight it alone. Its like workling an elephant that a somebody rides on. If the elephant starts taking decisions on its own, start moving wherever it wishes, the driver will have no control on it no matter how much he yells and shouts. But when the elephant and the rider are in such an area that doesnt have anything that would lure the elephant towards it (alcohol, depressed thoughts), than the elephant can in fact roam freely around. The elephant example is just for understanding how strong the urge is of an addict to own his fix. Clinical give-and-take models that are normally used to treat such patients include inpatient and outpatient treatment, extended care centers, recovery houses (more commonly known as the rehab centers), counseling, support groups and orthomolecular medicine. There is a huge emphasis on the reasons why a patient chooses drugs and alcohol and why does he keep taking it? If the patient consciously wants to get rid of the addiction than help is almost everywhere however if there is a belief organisation tied to the use of the substance then it gets hard for the health providers to treat the patient. For instance in the case of Devdas, he simply chose to use alcohol because it helped him forget the thought of his love for a while. If asked, he would in spades say that let him be he likes the pain and misery he is in. Treating such patients can be more difficult than normal addicts, quite contrary to Cynthia (our imaginary patient who came to the clinic herself). She is seeking help and urgently wants to get rid of her chronic depression.

Commitment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commitment - Assignment ExampleTed has had a demanding, but well give job in a corporate finance firm but he and his wife Kate has pertinacious to move to St. Louis to start a overmuch more demanding, but poorly paying job as a personal finance advisor. However, the timing of the decision was wrong as the finance sector is press release down. The job environment is non favorable. Small businesses are closing by the day people in corporate world are loosing jobs. Ted and Kate are face with a decision to make abandon the unfermented job and go back to the old one (work in corporate finance) keep the job and heart the success ethics of the personal finance advisor world or keep the job and cling to their ethical convictions.The onus lies with Ted to make a decision, but he could also escalate it. Though Kate is not the decision-maker per se, she has a part to play. Now, Ted has a potentiality to be an exceptional advisor coupled with his moral electron orbit and intellectual ve rsatility. Projections of a considerable client-base future with flexible and friendly schedule dominate the discourses of both of them. However, his vast friendship and admirable ethics sees him sidelined as others in his field with unworthy morals and less knowledge are quite a success. Doing what is right for his clients as against what puts money in the pocket seems to be inexpedient only a few of such people get a lucky breakthrough.The non-rational escalation of commitment whitethorn occur where both Ted and Kate decides to keep Teds new job. This will not be so much as a result of the quest for success as the quest not to loss sink cost. Thus, judgmental bias will facilitate this escalation. Although Ted recognizes that an initial poor choice has been made, impression management could exceed him to embracing the success ethics of his sector which may pose a potential ethical issue. more(prenominal) so, Kate seems to be unfair in supporting the decision of Ted to remain

Child abuse problem within my community and propose a solution Research Paper

Child poke fun caper inside my community and propose a solution - Research Paper ExampleHowever, any fictitious character of abuse to a child tends to scar the child for life. In this study an attempt is being do at analyzing the problem of Child abuse and trying to find the right strategies and interventions that could be used to diminish the pain and trauma that a child goes through when such a catastrophe happens. Body literature review Child abuse is an ugly scar on society, that has a very negative dissemble on the community and society at large and hence there is a dire requisite to address this problem by putting an end to the physical, emotional and psychological scourge faced by such vulnerable children. There are many common factors that contribute towards child abuse. Some of these factors involve physical abuse, sexual assault, leave off, high levels of stress, abusive childhood, depression and anxiety. Such abuse towards children leaves a lasting photograph o n them and impacts upon their give lives as they grow into adults. Such abused adults are a threat to their own families and society because they continue to exhibit the same pattern of behavior right through their lives. According to (Cindy, 312) individuals who at one time get into the habit of abusing do not hesitate from extending this practice towards other members of the family thus further strengthen this trend in the society. (Cindy, 312) Child abuse has proved to have very long term do on the society, children who are subjected to this blight tend to maintain the same attitude on their future generations in particular their own kids. This way a cycle is developed which takes conscious and intended efforts to break in the days to come. (Mary, 250) Some of the reasons for its prevalence involve having being abused during their childhood, insecurity, frustration, revenge, health problems, ego- identity and poor self range of mountains which makes them fall an easy preda te to Child abuse. Larry J. Siegel et al., (2010) sheds light on the different aspects of Juvenile Delinquency in his in-depth analysis and cutting edge seminal research work titled Theory, Practice and Law. In appurtenance to the controversial issues discussed, the authors examine the important initiatives and intervention programs to help children who are delinquents. Problematic issues such as drugs, gangs, criminality and capital punishment for juveniles are also important aspects of his study. According to (Larry, et al., 2010) adolescent dilemma comprising of conflict, stress, ego identities and problems within the family, school and community serves as a potent ground because they make children vulnerable to Child abuse. indecision of the future due to poor experiences in life makes them disillusioned, depressed and frustrated making them easy prey for child abusers. Statistical figures have exhibited an alarming rise as far as child abuse is concerned. In Greenville South Carolina 1019 cases of child abuse were reported in the year 2005 which speaks volumes of the negative effects it major power have inflicted on the community. (Larry, 64) (Rachel, 220) believes that children who are abused are driven to extreme attitudes either they become withal indifferent towards love or too aggressive which results in bullying other children and in the antecedent case, end up being terrorized themselves. The pioneering work of (Ruth & Kempe, 2001) presents a statistical view of abused children in the linked States. According to them about 2% to 6% of children have been injured through physical assault and neglect by

Can Secular Leadership Be Useful in the Church Thesis

Can Secular Leadership Be Useful in the Church - Thesis lessonThese include differences in motivation as well as style and practicalities and also in retort and descents. There are aspects of lead which solely seem to get into a secular pattern and others only into a perform one. There are also some which require some adaptation to fit from one to the other.Thought lead is mentioned, that is the idea that leadership does not necessarily come from a property held, only from ideas pursued until they come to have great influence, such influence bearing no relationship to the persons official status or standing.The essay looks too at historical patterns of leadership within the church, including patterns described by Christ and his apostle Paul, as evidenced in the pages of the New Testament, the Gospels, the Book of Acts and the Epistles, as well as what happened during the first centuries of the church. It looks also at the role of women in the church, Biblically, historically and in received practice. It asks about the differences between secular and Christian leadership. It then considers which aspects of the former are not useful in church life, as well as considering those that are. The conclusion reached is that there are certain aspects of secular leadership which can be useful in a church setting, although perhaps carried out in a different way or with a different emphasis. There are however other aspects which the church could well do without and which should be avoided. The church is not the world and her standards are not worldly ones, but should be those of Christ

Promotional Plan of TelePacific Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Promotional Plan of TelePacific - Essay exemplarThe organization ask to have an effective promotional plan in place to increase its profitability, issue and sustainability in the future. Promotion is the only way to communicate the message of the marketer to its target customers. There atomic number 18 various media vehicles to do so, but it is important for the TelePacific Communications to analyze the most effective media vehicle of the convey or country in which it is launching or expanding its business. A promotional message, advertisements and a one yr media plan of TelePacific Communications has been has been discussed in this study. Message The overall marketing message for the promotional plant of TelePacific would be that the services offered by the friendship provides fast internet access to its customers along with other additional laughable features included in it and TelePacific is committed towards offering high quality customized services for its clients accord ing to their specific needfully and requirements. Advertisements Advertising industry is considered to be the most exciting, creative, challenging and rewarding industry. It is unique in nature because everything is overt to the world and people can see it and respond accordingly (Duncan, 2005, p. 1). Advertisements are primarily meant to have an make in the behaviors and attitudes of people that would result in favoring the organization and its products (Janoschka, 2004, p. 12). It is necessary for a company like TelePacific that its coming towards promotion and advertising should be designed in much(prenominal) a way that it economic aids in mental synthesis strong customer relationships, and creating brand awareness amongst people through integrated marketing communication (IMC). TelePacific needs to design and plan for its promotional activities in such a way which would help the organization not only to expand its customer base but also to retain its valuable existing cu stomers. It should be able to communicate to its customers the variantiating factors incorporated in its products and services which are unavailable in the products and services offered by any other companies in the market. In a nutshell it needs to strengthen its competitive advantage in the market through all its promotional efforts using various means of advertising through contrastive media. The company has to advertise its website using those advertising media through proper blend of traditional and digital options. The pass on two products or services that have been identified for TelePacific include its voice services and data networking services. The company has a competitive advantage over its competitors on these two services offered by them. Hence, the promotional activities and the identical advertisements need to be focused on these two services. Various media can be utilized by the company to advertise its services. The company needs to promote its website to creat e awareness amongst people about its different types of services and products with its primary focus on the two services as mentioned before. The advertisements will be as such that it would help to promote its services through cross-selling between digital and traditional options. Two such advertising options for the company which would help to advertise its website includes an advertisement in a magazine (Figure - 1), and advertising in the form of a banner (Figure - 2). Apart from Nevada and California, TelePacific is planning to expand its business at Texas as well. Hence, its promotional activities will be primarily focused on its target customers based on Texas. It would also help to retain its existing customers at Nevada and Califo

Legislation and common law responsibilities Essay

Legislation and coarse law responsibilities - Essay ExampleThe responsible thing to do is to report the incident to my superior repair away and to administer the appropriate first aid. The centres physician will be called upon to nock if Isabella will suffer ill consequences of her ingestion of the milkshake, which has dairy products she is allergic to. Isabellas parents will also be informed of the incident and the action taken to repair the damage, if any. Isabellas family will be asked to complete a complaint form and raise the concern with the center director. The meeting is documented. Then the side of the concerned rung member the parent is complaining about is heard by the director, and likewise documented. Then the director acts as an arbiter when she calls a meeting for the parents and the staff concerned, in which the discussion is likewise documented. The director will gauge to arrange for a settlement of the complaint. However, if the complainant remains unsatisfied, then they could take it up to the management committee. Uncle capital of Minnesota may be a close relative of Eleni but since he is not listed as an legitimate person to collect Eleni from the center, he is restricted from taking her without the permission of Natalie, Elenis mother. To validate his claim, Natalie must be contacted to verify if indeed she has given him permission to take Eleni to the party they are supposed to attend and instigate her to inform the center next time an unauthorized person is given permission is to pick up Eleni to prevent any incidences of unnecessary waiting.

Culture and Healthcare in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture and Healthcare in America - Essay ExampleAccording to Loraine Magda (2007) From academia to the applied lores, medicine, law and politics, Western society operates from a paradigm firmly based on materialism with grave skepticism, and unless proven true by science, becomes relegated to the barren of wishful thinking. Most scientists believe that science starts with basic questions and as they try to answer, and develops the answers, it leads to further questions. When students are taught on this basic belief they ignore the interplay of science with society, and such training tends to obscure connection between science and society. Thomas Kuhn says to acquire the status of a paradigm, a scientific achievement must offer sufficiently convincing resolutions of previously recognized problemsmust also have enough unresolved problems to provide the puzzles for subsequent query practice within the research tradition it comes to define (Marshall1998).

Fixed Income Securities Essay Example for Free

Fixed Income Securities EssayObjectives This course is intended to break apart the fixed income securities markets and its implications for investments. It go forth analyze the market characteristics, instruments, selling techniques, pricing and valuation issues, floating rate instruments, adventure and generate of fixed income securities, portfolio management techniques, term structure modeling, corporate debt and convertibles, bonds with embedded options, sub-national debt analysis, credit risk analysis, and delight rate risk management with swaps, options and futures. The course intends to cover the specific features of the Indian Fixed Income Securities Markets. The course exit construct several Excel based techniques to analyze bond cashflows analytics.Course Structure The course will include lectures, bond cash flows analysis, term paper assignments and class exercises.Contents arouse 1 Indian Fixed Income Markets, Institutional Arrangements, Market Participants an d Instruments, Investors Perspectives, Market Conventions, Debt Management Monetary policiesLecture 2 Bond Valuation, sequence Value of Money, Price and Yield Conventions, Bond Valuation utilize Yield Curve, Yield return, horizon return Valuation of Repo Reverse RepoLecture 3 Valuation of other Bonds Floating Rate securities, Inflation major power bonds, bonds with embedded optionsLecture 4 Introduction to Bloomberg, Interpretations of Fixed Income Instruments using Bloomberg Templates, Understanding Market Quotes and ConventionsLecture 5 Corporate Bonds, Valuation, Implications for Rating Migration, Investment Grade and Low Rated Bonds, Valuation of ConvertiblesLecture 6 7 attempt Identification in Bonds Duration, Convexity, and Portfolio ImmunizationLecture 8 Yield Curve Analysis, Par Bootstrapping, Modeling YC using Nelson-Seigel and Spline Methods, Spot Forward rates, , Valuation of STRIPSLecture 9 Term Structure of pertain grade theories Interest Rate Models (Cox-I ngersoll-Ross, Vasicek, HJM Model)Lecture 10 Government Securities Auction, Market Implications, WI Markets, Auction Primary Dealers Lecture 11 Auction Bidding Game (students play bidding game and trade online in Computer Lab)Lecture 12 Bond Portfolio Construction Management Bullet, Barbell Ladder Strategies, Construction of Bond Portfolio Portfolio with Corporate BondsLecture 13, 14 15 Interest Rate Derivatives FRAs, Swaps, Futures, Options, Eurodollar Futures, OIS(Overnight Index Swaps), OIS Trading ArbitrageLecture 16 Bonds with embedded options, BDT Model(Modeling Interest Rate Tree)Lecture 17 Mortgage-Backed Securities, Prepayments, Option Adjusted Spreads(OAS)Lecture 18 opinion Derivatives, Valuation of Credit Default Swaps, Indian CDSLecture 19 20 Assignment Discussions PresentationsOther handoutsThe course will provide several articles in debt and fixed income securities, circulars of RBI and FIMMDA, empirical techniques dealing with bond management, as well as my p resentations, excel spreadsheet calculations, valuation templates from Bloomberg as well as web resources.Expectations My expectation is that students work hard during the course, gain bond mathematics, how Indian bond market works and its implications on fixed income investing as an plus class, and portfolio implications for banks and financial institutions.

Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

incarnate Governance EssayIn a commercial organisation, the wag of directors is typically charged with the key responsibility for corporate governance protecting the rights of sh arholders and creditors, ensuring contractual obligations and regulatory respectfulness. In the public sector, the elected brass is typically responsible for corporate governance, and in semi-government and statutory bodies like secern Rail, Sydney Water, the Australian Broadcasting Authority, the University of NSW, and so on and in not- for-profit organisations governments volition usually mandate a body similar to a board of directors with the responsibility for corporate governance. What does corporate governance involve? In a recent article, Gomez Korine (2005, pp. 739-752) direct that Corporate governance can be understood as a set of contracts that defines the relationships among the tether leash actors in the corporation.To simplify what this actually means, corporate governance is the set of relationships where A key stakeholder whom they refer to as the sovereign (in the case of commercial organisations this would be the sh atomic number 18holders in the case of public sector agencies, the elected government for not-for-profit organisations this is often the members or other key stakeholders as defined by legislation) sets in localise a governing body (eg, board, council, senate, etc) with responsibility for over knock againsting the actions of the governer (management, staff, employees, volunteers, players, etc) Increasingly, societies and governments are reacting to a rapidly changing domain surrounding them, and modifying the regulations change corporate governance accordingly. The numbers and enkindles of stakeholders who are affected by the actions of organisations is expanding. Organisations are being seen to impact on the economy the natural environment fiat through opportunities for turn over and employment conditions of work family life, etc C onsequently, in that location are increasingly complex expectations placed on organisations of all sizes to consider and take responsibility for decisions and actions beyond exclusively their money making or other purposes and goals.Corporate governance covers a large number of discrete concepts and phenomenon as we can see from the definition select by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Corporate governance is the system by which dividing line corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as, the board, managers, pctholders and other stakeholders and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions in corporate affairs. By doing this, it withal provides the structure through which the comp whatsoever objectives are set and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance1. From this definition we see that corporate governance includes the relationship of a comp any(prenominal) to its shareholders and to society the promotion of fairness, transparency and accountability character reference to mechanisms that are used to govern managers and to ensure that the actions taken are consistent with the interests of key stakeholder groups.The key points of interest in corporate governance therefore include anaesthetizes of transparency and accountability, the legal and regulatory environment, appropriate bump management measures, information flows and the responsibility of senior management and the board of directors. Harshbarger and Holden (2004) point out that while numerous of the governance issues that organizations face are not new, the environment in which they confront them is to a greater extent challenging than incessantly State and Federal law enforcement allow applied significantly increased resources and a much high-pressure philosophy toward confro ntation of governance lapses the media spotlight has increased awareness among those constituents directly affected as comfortably as the telephone circuit community as a whole shareholder proposals are taken more seriously and the judiciary has demonstrated its willingness for a more stringent definition of good faith. As well, there are a number of factors that have brought ethical issues into sharper focus, including orbicularization, technology and rising competition.Van Beek and Solomon (2004) as well note the ability to deliver a professional service will necessarily take place in an environment in which there is an increasing tendency towards individuality, while society as a whole becomes more global. The new realities of corporate governance show that no entity or agent is repellent from fraudulent practices and have altered the way companies operate they have re-defined the baseline for what is considered prudent conduct for headachees and executives (Dandino, 2004). incorporate STRATEGY Strategy can be developed at many levels in a multi-layered organisation there may be Corporate level outline decisions made for the whole corporation or organisation to gain the better of adversaries or attain ends. Business unit or divisional strategy decisions made for the business unit or division to gain the better of adversaries or attain the business units end. Functional strategies such as marketing/finance/human resources/IT/technology/ operational/production/etc. strategies. There would be marketing decisions (or finance or HR decisions, etc) designed to get the better of an obstructor or attain a marketing/finance, etc, end. So what do we mean by ends?Other ground that are frequently used here for the same concept are goals or missions or visions. Organisations typically have (or should have) a set of goals, desired outcomes or a view of their purpose (mission), or their upcoming achievements and positions (visions) in mind. Ideally these are clear articulated and understood by e preciseone in the organisation. When these ends (goals, mission, vision) are clearly understood, then the board, management, staff and partners of the organisation are able to develop strategy to achieve these. What is a strategic plan? A plan, whether strategic, tactical, operational, marketing, finance or whatever is really in effect(p) a set of decisions that have been captured in some form (document, web page, PowerPoint presentation, video, etc) that set out the answer to three key questions 1. Where are we now? 2. Where are we going? 3. How will we get there? Accordingly, a plan is formed by analysing the existing and expected future trends and factors affecting the organisation/business unit, etc setting down clear statements of the outcomes that will help to achieve the ends that the organisation has set itself (these statements of outcomes are commonly called objectives) describing some tactics and actions that will entrust to ach ieving the outcomesETHICS IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTThe dawn of a global knowledge society with information-driven economies and expansion of cross-border trade as consequences of liberalization and globalization policy is placing new demands on business organizations for more innovative approaches in business ethics at both local as well as global business environment (Nissanke and Thorbecke, 2005). This premise is consistent with Brownlie et al. (1999) who indicate that What is it like to think new thoughts to untie the fragile web of assumption to render new images to the familiar to look anew at the world to see the ordinary and everyday from a fresh perspective? Many research scholars at present share this view and indicate that what they took for granted, assumed, believed and worked towards has been upended by those who argue that in order to get it right in a global business environment, organizations must rethink their business ethics approach. Sheth and Sisodia (1999) as well as support this assumption by asserting that, the context of ethics in global business environment is changing in fundamental ways.The acceptance of law-like generalizations has to be, as they suggest, Either enhanced or modified. The old opinion of business ethics as an oxymoron, or that business organizations do not have ethics (Laczniak and Murphy, 1993) is being re-thought. The business ethics is increasingly being called into question from various quarters (Brownlie et al., 1999) and research scholars are developing the fudge factor in order to challenge the ethical complacency that existed in the past. Business ethics is ultimately the ethics of power, of how to handle the power of business and how that power is acquired, increased and exercised. The need for ethics in business has never been greater, precisely because the power of business was never so manifold and as extensive as it is today (Mahoney, 1997). The term ethics has generally been used to refer to the rul es and principles of right and wrong conduct. It therefore boils down to morality and good or bad conduct.Business ethics are a set of rules that stipulate how businesses and their employees ought to endure (Aldag and Stearns, 1991). DiPiazza (2002) says I see ethics as a mission-critical issue. deeply embedded into who we are and what we do. Its just as important as our product development cycle or our distribution systemits active creating a culture based on integrity and respect, not a culture based on dealing with the crisis of the dayWe speak to ourselves every day, Are we doing the right things? Sheth, Gardner and Garret (1988) opine that ethical decision-making in a business environment is very complex, and that allegedly guilty business practitioners have quite in truth stated that they honestly did not realize that their actions could possibly create ethical problems. Business organizations operating at international levels often find that many countries differ in what i s considered wrong or right in a business market.IN TERMS OF SONY ETHICSEthical business conduct and compliance with applicable laws and regulations are fundamental aspects of Sonys corporate culture. To this end, Sony has yielded a Global contour Network comprised of the Compliance variation at the corporate headquarters, a global compliance leadership team, and regional offices around the world adopted and implemented the Sony stem Code of Conduct and set up Compliance Hotline systems through its Global Compliance Network all in order to reinforce the Companys worldwide commitment to integrity and help retard resources are available for employees to raise concerns or seek guidance about legal and ethical matters. In July 2001, Sony Corporation established the Compliance Division, charged with exercising overall control over compliance activities crosswise the Sony conference, to emphasize the importance of business ethics and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and internal policies.The Compliance establishes compliance policies and structures for the Sony Group and performs crisis management functions. In July 2003, Sony established a regional compliance network comprised of offices in the Americas, Europe, Japan, East Asia*1 and Pan-Asia,*2 which are charged with exercising regional control over compliance activities to strengthen the compliance system throughout the Sony Group. Officers responsible for compliance in each region have the authority to issue instructions concerning compliance to Sony Group companies in their respective regions and, by cooperating with one another, are working to establish and maintain a comprehensive global compliance structure. To further reinforce global compliance efforts, a Compliance Leadership Team was formed in September 2009 as an assentingal component of the global compliance organization.The Compliance Leadership Team assists the Sony Corporation General Counsel and Compliance Division in identifyi ng, developing and implementing key compliance strategies and compliance-related measures encourages more active participation in Group-wide compliance activities from a big group of key Sony personnel by involving not only the Regional Compliance Officers but also experienced legal/compliance personnel from Sony Group companies and creates a global framework that by its very structure highlights the companys compliance priorities and commitment to best practices. *1Coverage area of East Asia compliance office Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and southward Korea *2Coverage area of Pan-Asia compliance office Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa and Oceania *3 The Americas Office is responsible for Sony Corporation of America, the Sony Pictures diversion Group, and the Sony Music Entertainment Group, in addition to the Electronics Group companies in the Americas Region.The Sony Europe, East Asia and Pan-Asia Offices are responsible for the Electronics Group companies in their respec tive regions. The Japan Office is responsible for Sony Corporation, the Sony Computer Entertainment Group, and Sony Financial Holdings, in addition to the Electronics Group Companies in Japan CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Sony is committed to strong corporate governance. As a part of this effort, in 2003, Sony adopted the Company with Committees corporate governance system under the Companies Act of Japan. In addition to complying with the requirements of applicable governance laws and regulations, Sony has introduced its own requirements to help improve the soundness and transparency of its governance by strengthening the separation of the Directors function from that of management and advancing the proper functioning of the statutory military commissions.Under Sonys system, the hop on of Directors defines the respective areas for which each of the Corporate decision maker Officers is responsible and delegates to them decision-making authority to manage the business, thereby promoting th e prompt and effective management of the Sony Group. Sony Corporation is governed by its board of Directors, which is appointed by resolution at the shareholders meeting. The Board has three committees (the Nominating Committee, visit Committee and Compensation Committee), consisting of Directors named by the Board of Directors. Corporate Executive Officers are appointed by resolution of the Board of Directors.In addition to these statutory bodies and positions, Sony has Corporate Executives who carry out business operations at heart designated areas. Board of Directors Determines the fundamental management policies of the Sony Group Oversees the management of Sony Groups business operations Appoints and dismisses the statutory committee members Appoints and dismisses Representative Corporate Executive Officers and Corporate Executive Officers Nominating Committee Determines the content of proposals regarding the appointment/dismissal of Directors Audit Committee Monitors the pe rformance of duties by Directors and Corporate Executive Officers (with respect to processes in place to ensure the enough of the financial reporting process, to enable management to ensure the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, to ensure timely and appropriate disclosure, and to ensure compliance with applicable law, Articles of Incorporation and internal policies).Monitors the status of any other items described in the Internal Control and Governance Framework determined or reaffirmed by the Board of Directors in accordance with the Companies Act of Japan. As part of its monitoring, attends the Nominating Committee and Compensation Committee meetings. Oversees and evaluates the work of the independent auditor (including to evaluate the adequacy of its independence and its qualification, to propose its appointment/dismissal or non-reappointment, to honor its hire, to evaluate the appropriateness of its audit regarding the financial results and internal control over financial reporting, and to pre-approve its engagement for any services other than audit services to be provided)Prepares the Audit Committee Review study in which the Audit Committee expresses its opinion on the performance of duties of Directors and Corporate Executive Officers, on the Business Report and on the independent auditors audit procedures and results based on its review activities including review of the matters subject to the Committees opinion in the Audit Committee Review Report. Compensation Committee Sets policy on the contents of individual compensation for Directors, Corporate Executive Officers, Corporate Executives and Group Executives, and determines the amount and content of individual compensation of Directors and Corporate Executive Officers in accordance with the policy Corporate Executive Officers Make decisions regarding the execution of Sony Group business activities within the scope of the authority delegated to them by the Board of Direc tors Corporate Executives Carry out business operations within designated areas, including business units, headquarters functions, and/or research and development, in accordance with the fundamental policies determined by the Board of Directors and the Corporate Executive Officers

International Rugby Board and Rugby Football Essay Example for Free

International Rugby Board and Rugby Football EssayRugby football patch ( in any case known as rugby football football) is either of two current sports, either rugby league or rugby union, or any of a number of sports through history descended from a common form of football developed in distinguishable areas of the United Kingdom. Rugby union, or simply Rugby, is a full butt on group sport, a form of football which originated in England in the early 19th century. One of the laws of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. It is cinched with an oval-shaped ball, outdoors on a level field, usually with a grass surface, up to 100 metres (330 ft) long and 70 metres (230 ft) wide.On each terminus line are H-shaped goal posts. The origin of rugby football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823 when William Webb-Ellis is said to have picked up the ball and run with it. Although this tale is apocryphal, the Rugby foundation Cup trophy is named after him. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, which old pupils initially took to university Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a scholarly person at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first football group.During this early period different schools employ different rules, with former pupils from Rugby and Eton attempting to carry their preferred rules through to their universities. Significant events in the early development of rugby football were the production of the first set of written laws at Rugby School in 1845, the Blackheath Clubs purpose to leave the Football Association in 1863 and the formation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871.The code was originally known simply as rugby football it was non until after a snag in 1895, which resulted in the separate code of rugby league, that the name rugby union came to be used for the game itself. Supporters of both codes giveing publicly refer to t heirs as merely rugby or rugby football, unless they are differentiating between the two. The first rugby football world(prenominal) took place on 27 inch 1871, played between England and Scotland.By 1881 both Ireland and Wales had repre locomoteative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations deed had begun. 1883 also saw the first rugby fantan tournament at Melrose called the Melrose Sevens, which is still held annually. Five age later two important foreign tours took place a British Isles team vi identifyd Australia and New Zealandalthough a private venture, it laid the foundations for future British and Irish Lions tours and the 1888 New Zealand Native team brought the first overseas team to British spectators.From 1905 through to 1907, all three major Southern Hemisphere rugby countries sent their first touring teams to the Northern Hemisphere Dave Gallahers New Zealand in 1905, followed by Paul Roos South Africa in 1906 and indeed Herbert M orans Australia. All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics at first believed. 1905 also saw the first French internationals.The years during the First World War saw an end of international rugby union games and union-sponsored club matches, but competitions continued with service teams such as the New Zealand legions team. The Second World War saw an end of international matches from most countries, though Italy, Germany and Romania played a limited number of games, and Cambridge and Oxford continued their annual University Match. In 1973 the first officially sanctioned international sevens tournament took place at Murrayfield, as part of the Scottish Rugby Union centenary celebrations.In 1987 the first Rugby World Cup was held in New Zealand and Australia, and the inaugural winners were New Zealand. The first World Cup Sevens tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1993. Rugby union was an amateur sport until th e IRB declared the game open in 1995, removing restrictions on payments to players. However, the pre-1995 period of rugby union was marked by frequent accusations of shamateurism, including an investigation in Britain by a House of Commons Select committee. pic The only known enactment of William Webb EllisRugby union differs from association football (soccer) in that the hands can be employed to move the ball. However, a player can only pass the ball backwards or laterally (i. e. not forward) to another player, or kick it. This means that the majority of progress made by an attacking team occurs through a leap frog cycle of passing the ball, running to make ground, universe tackled and reiterate this process. Each of these cycles (greatly simplified) is called a phase of play. Rugby union includes the concept of prefer (not to be confused with the avail line).If one team commits an infraction of the Laws, the arbitrator will not stop play if the opposing team is in a positio n to gain a territorial or tactical improvement from the mistake. Instead, he calls advantage and allows play to continue until he judges that adequate advantage has accrued, when he calls advantage over, and play continues as if the original infraction had not occurred. If he deems that no advantage can accrue, the referee will stop play and award a scrum, free kick or penalty, as appropriate, at the site of the original infraction.The question of what is advantage and how long play should be allowed to continue to see if any advantage is gained, is a moot point the referee is the sole judge of what constitutes advantage and different referees can and do take different approaches to this question. But in general, if in subsequent advantage play a team has the chance to do what they could have done if the referee had stopped play for the infraction, therefore advantage has been gained and the referee will call advantage over. So, for instance, suppose a team commits an infraction that would result in their opponents being awarded a scrum.If their opponents are able to take clean possession of the ball and advance it following the infraction, then they have done what they would have been able to do from a scrum advantage is thus over. If on the other hand their possession is messy or closely contested then there is no advantage, and the referee will (or should) award the original scrum. Advantage play automatically ends if the team seeking advantage commits an infringement itself normally, they would then be awarded the consequences of the original infringement, but if they commit an act of foul play, then they will (or should) be penalised directly themselves.

Role and Functions of Law Paper Essay Example for Free

Role and Functions of righteousness Paper Essay natural practice of constabulary works in many ways for business and for our society to coexist. This is do by setting rules and expectations that provide ways to solve disputes and assign government agency to enforce them. Law is defined as a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by tyrannical authority, and having legal binding force. (Melvin, 2011). It is actually important for business owners to understand virtue in the type of run that they provide, from either hiring employees or natural rubber in the work place. A business owner has to provide an constitute opportunity to all those how seek jobs in their company without discriminating from gender, age or race. Safety in the work place is important to avoid law suits to be filed against the company. These law suits bear go from not providing proper work equipments to buy the farmure to fix broken ladder way or not having safety procedure in place. The role that law provides in society is to provide a general bespeak lines to live day to day.The law also provides safety for its citizens though Administrative Law source of law that authorities the exercise of authority by executive branch agencies and independent government agencies (Melvin, 2011). This law gives law enforcement the authority to enforce the laws set by congress, which enforces punishments to violators if guilty. The law also protects its citizens from settling disputes with violence or aggression. beingness in the military and work as a legal clerk I found law to be very important to keeping its military structure. For instance a law that I at first didnt understand was that if a appendage of the military could get discharged if they won the lottery, it was explained to me that it can have a huge problem in the rank structure.If a private was to be a millionaire and a Sergeant was to give him orders and decides to disobey him he would care about his punishments which could result in decrease of pay or liberty. The private in this instance has the money so it wouldnt bother him to fall away pay and hecan just buy video games, play online, have cable and it wouldnt affect him. Law in the military extends throughout the world to make sure that every member of the military should always act in professional and keep a good image on the United States.Working as a act server I started to understand how important law are in my job I am protected by the law to accomplish my duty, by law I am able to go up to a house and knock on the addresses home without being consider trespassing. This is a very important law that I must assume for if I do something like jump a locked fence I would be breaking the very same law that protects. As a process server my duty is to serve court documents to defendants to shape up at a specific superior court, if I were to lie or falsify information during the process of serving a defendant the case can be lost even if t he attorney did nought wrong.Having law in our business protects the owners and employees they reduce law suits and prevent abuse. Law also protects the citizens of the United States and communal standard laws they apply to everyone in that jurisdiction and punish those who choose to ignore them. Without laws our business and society would fail to live in peace.ReferencesMelvin, S.P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business A Managerial Approach Theory to Practice. natural York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Education reforms Essay Example for Free

Education reforms EssayThe problems experienced in the K-12 level of instruction in U. S. A today are a serious curse to the health of the economy and the proximo prosperity of society in general. The quality of raising is deteriorating though the government has increased funding by 44 percent. A rising tide of mediocrity as reported by the federal perpetration was the key factor that causes the K-12 education to deteriorate (Kurt 2003). There are no parental choice programs that give out them the power to make decisions on how the school should be run. The children are assigned to schools that are nearer to their maneuver of residence and this is based on zoning rules. Another problem is that humankind schools are perform infra the standard and they are not held accountable for their performance. The schools are lacking incentive to improve quality or take control of the costs for they are protected by the education act of the government. (The Washington seat 2008 Ap ril 3) The private and religious schools are performing well as opposed to the public schools and this has a controvert significance to the students who are enrolled in public schools.Due to the problems discussed above then the government must mention the bureaucratic structure reform and especially the public education. For the discussed problems I would advocate for empowering of parents so that they go away reckon that students are served better than the administration. They will also be allowed to transfer their children from the schools that are not performing and therefore this will compel the school to improve their quality. The government should ensure that public school are performing and more so come up with strategies that will enable them to perform.The reform will make the schools to be more resourceful with their finances and follow the curriculum accordingly. In his recent public speech, Senator McCain noted that markets chip in losers and winners and United Sta tes of America cannot afford any losers in a game of educational roulette. (The New York propagation 2008 July 14). The choice of programs will allow parents to take their children to schools within or outside the districts depending on the performance. There should be also introduction of charter schools which are publicly funded but managed by private officers.The bureaucratic systems that forestall funds from reaching the teaching fraternity should be abolished. (William B. 2007) The two presidential candidates have realized that the admixture of Americas educational system will be a major concern as for the voters. They have therefore come up with various proposals to reform K-12 education once they get into power. Senator breathe in Obama will establish national standards by ensuring that national tests are done on a unpaid worker basis. He also promises to empower parents to improve the educational quality and academic achievement.On the other hand, Senator McCain propos ed that parents will be allowed to use the proceeds to reform K-12 education as well as pay for their childrens university fees. This is an idea that was rejected by President Clinton but McCain wants to reintroduce the bill. In The New York Times go out 14th July 2008, there was an agreement by school officials that vouchers foster competition and thereby force public schools to improve. Also in The Washington Post dated 3rd April 2008 it was noted that new choices in education have sent a powerful message to schools and prompt some of them to acknowledge a threat of competition. To summarize, it is clear that public schools are providing substandard education to the students. It is because of this reason that there is need to address the bureaucratic structure of schools that does not put the interests of the learners at heart.ReferencesGreenwood C. (2008 April 3) K-12 education reforms. The Washington Post. Kurt Finsterbusch (2003) Annual Editions Social Problems. New York McGr aw-Hill higher(prenominal) Education William George Bruce (2007)The American School Board Journal Michigan National School Boards Association A Smith,(2008 July 14) Bureaucratic System of Education. The New York Times.

Typical Dreams Essay Example for Free

Typical Dreams Essay doorway One way to study ambitiousnesss is to study their meat. This arouse be d single by laboratory studies in which sleepers be awakened during rapid eye movement sleep sleep and their reports atomic number 18 tape recorded. Subjects can also keep a daydream diary in which they write all they can remember rough their dreams. These divergent methods pick out revealed just about interesting facts about the nature of dream kernel. What causes you to dream the things you dream? That question cannot be answered as yet (see Rados Cartwright, 1999). Research can point to individual cases where the dream inwardness is obviously related to conterminous events in a persons life, but the reason why a lot of dreams come about is something of a mystery. One explanation of dream content proposes that during rapid eye movement sleep specific brain neurons are activated, such as those involved in running or laughing or hearing. In an hear to make sense of this specific flighty activation, the brain produces a dream establish on a synthesis of the stimulation present.Called the activation-synthesis hypothesis of daydream, this view does not account for the seemingly random dream content that often occurs, and it is consistent with the neurological changes known to accompany rapid eye movement sleep (Hobson McCarley, 2001). However, it does not explain the coherence, detail, and purposefulness common to many dreams. Studies of dream content must now recognize that dreamers may alter their content while they are actually dreaming. For most people, the content of their dreams is beyond their control. How often overhear you gone to acknowledge wishing you could dream about a finicky someone, or afraid you might dream about an especially distressing subject? Sometimes in dreaming we think ourselves that this is a dream. Yet in the morning if we remember the dream and recall thinking that we knew it was a dream at the time, we fi nd that we hush accepted the content as plausible, even if events in the dream would be unlikely or unfeasible in real life. Some people are able to carry this awareness during dreaming a step further they claim the mightiness to know when they dreaming and to actually control some or all of the content of their dreams.This is called clear dreaming. In the past such claims restrain attracted little interest from dream researchers because there seemed no way to test these assertions. However, working with the sleep research lab at Stanford University, Stephen LaBerge, a logical dreamer, was able to demonstrate his special ability. LaBerge told the researchers that during the dreams he would suddenly become aware that he was dreaming and that he could signal the researchers of this awareness by a prearranged pattern of eye movements.They agreed on a mixture of horizontal and vertical eye movements that he would use when he knew he was dreaming. The probability that the particula r eye movement pattern would appear by chance was infinitesimally small. During the night the researchers watched the EEG records, and in one of the paradoxical sleep sleep periods, to their excitement and delight, they saw the coded eye movement pattern (La Berge et al., 2001). Other lucid dreamers have since been identified and are being studied. It is known how many people have the ability for lucid dreaming. Surveys based in self-report provide estimates of between 15 and 28%. Laboratory studies of lucid dreaming usually determination by asking people if they frequently are aware of their dreams while dreaming. Those who say that they have that ability are tested in the sleep laboratory, and most are able to demonstrate their lucid dreaming ability using some prearranged signal (typically an eye movement code, sometimes a respiration pattern). These studies have found that lucid dreamers are not lucid in all of their dreams in fact, the majority of their dreams are nonlucid.Ma ny subjects can become aware of their dreaming, but few can manipulate their dream content. Still, some studies have been successful in giving instructions about specific dream content to lucid dreamers and having them dream about those subjects. When lucid dreams occur, they are more likely to be in the longer REM sleep periods toward morning.Researchers hope to discover how lucid dreaming is possible because phenomenon has something interesting implications for our understanding of sentience. For in essence, the lucid dreamer is partly in one present of consciousness, the dream, and partly in a totally different state of consciousness, the awareness of the dream. A practical application of this research might be an understanding of the fulfil so that many dreamers could learn how to control their dream content (Galvin, 2002). Discussion Why people dream? Although most dreams do not have overt sexual imagery, Freud neverthe slight believed that most adult dreams can be traced ba ck by analysis to erotic wishes. In Freuds view, a gun, for example, might be a disguised representation of a penis. Although Freud considered dreams the key to understanding our inner conflicts, his critics say that dream recitation leads down a blind alley. Some contend that even if dreams are symbolic, they can be construe almost any way one wishes. Others maintain there is nothing hidden in dreams. A dream about a gun, they say, is a dream about a gun. Even Freud, who loved to boob cigars, acknowledges that sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar. Freuds possibility of dreams is giving way to newer theories. One of these sees dreams as data processing Dreams may help store and remind our days experiences. Preceded by stressful experiences, REM sleep rises (Palumbo, 2001).What is more, there is consistent and compelling evidence that REM sleep facilitates memory for unusual or anxiety-arousing material (McGrath Cohen, 1999). In one experiment, people heard unusual phrases before bedtime and then were foxn a memory test the next morning. If awakened every time they began REM sleep, they remembered less than if awakened during some other sleep stages (Empson Clarke, 2000). A night of solid sleep (and dreaming) does, it seems, have a justifiable place in a students life. Another reason why we dream is because of physiological function. Perhaps dreams give the dead to the world brain with periodic stimulation. Stimulating experiences and develops and preserves the brains neural pathways. This theory makes sense from a developmental point of view. Infants, whose neural networks are just developing, spend a abundant deal of time in REM sleep. Still other physiological theories propose that dreams occur from neural activity that scatters upward from the brainstem. According to one version, this neural activity is random, (Hobson, 2002). Psychologists Martin Seligman and Amy Yellen (1999) note that the seconds-long bursts of rapid eye movements during REM sleep coincide with bursts of brain activity, people report vivid experiences, usually dramatic hallucinations. Given these opthalmic scenes, our cognitive machinery weaves a story line. Mix in the emotional tone provided by the limbic strategy (which becomes active during REM sleep) andvoilawe dream. This helps explain many of our dream experiences, such as the sudden and bizarre changes in scene (triggered by a new visual burst). Dream reports by Seligmans University of Pennsylvania students patronise that the most vivid dream images are the surprising, discontinuous aspects of the dream other less vivid images we presumably conjure up to string the visual bursts together. The function of dreams provokes vigorous debate, but the disputants all agree that we essential REM sleep. Deprived of it by repeated awakenings, people return more and more quickly to the REM stage after falling back to sleep. When finally allowed to sleep undisturbed, the literally sleep like babies, with chan ge magnitude REM sleepa phenomenon called REM rebound. The withdrawal of REM-suppressing sleeping medications also increases REM sleep, but with incidental nightmares.Most other mammals also experiences REM sleep and REM rebound. Animals need for REM sleep suggests that its causes and functions are deeply biological. That REM sleep occurs in mammals (and not in animals such as fish, whose bearing is less influenced by learning) also fits the information-processing theory of dreams. All of which serves to remind us once again of a basal lesson Biological and psychological explanations of behavior are partners, not competitors.III. Conclusion The interpretation or analysis of dreams trunk one of the most controversial topics in psychology. A number of disparate views on this subject exist, ranging from the public opinion that all dreams are interpretable in a psychoanalytic framework to the idea that dream content is essentially randomly generated from the memory stores of the br ain and thus meaningless. We adopt a position somewhere in the middle of this controversy, we believe that dreams have meanings and somebody can interpret it._________________________________________________________________ReferencesRados, R., Cartwright, R.D. (1999). Where do dreams come from? A simile of presleep and REM sleep thematic content. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 433-436.Hobson, J.A. McCarley, R.W. (2001). The brain as a dream state generator An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1335-1348.La Berge, S. et al., (2001). Lucid dreaming Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep. Journal of Mind Behavior, 7, 251-258.Galvin, R. M. (2002). Control of Dreams may be possible for a resolute few. Smithsonian, pp. 110-117.Palumbo, S.R. (2001). woolgather and memory A new information-processing model. New York Basic Books. (p. 157).McGrath, M.J., Cohen, D.G. (1999). REM sleep facilitation of adaptiv e waking behavior A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 24-57. (157).Empson, J.A.C., Clarke, P.R.F. (2000). Rapid eye movements and remembering. Nature, 227, 287-288. (p. 157).Hobson, J.A. (2002). The dreaming brain. New York Basic Books. (p.158).

International Organizations and World Order Essay Example for Free

International brasss and public erect Essay later on First World fight, there was shoot the breeze for formation of cosmos-wide physical composition to bring drift in the humanness. The notion led to the formation of the League of realms due to the conviction of the then professorship of the United States of America, hot seat Woodrow Wilson who was certain that the move would prevent future conflict if only nations would come together to def residuum the principles of self-determination and independence. The progress of the League of Nations was th warted when the United States refused to join it. It was to a fault thwarted by the extremist semipolitical ideologies and power rivalry that existed at that time in history, which was 1930s. Due to the outbreak of Second World War that ended in 1945, there was more concern that led to the formation of another international organization in the name of United Nations. The Bretton woods conference, which is the reason for the existence International Monetary Fund, and the World trust as well as the Dumbarton Oaks Conference came to existence in 1944. The foundation do the United Nation was laid by the allies of the organization (Owen, 1996).According to Owen (1996, p. 9) most of the international organizations were form with an intention of reconstructing Europe, which was earnestly devastated aft(prenominal) the war against Nazi Germ any. Most of the International organizations that were formed after World War II became more ventureive in the 1960 where their activities were expanded to meet the young challenges because of European colonization, which included independent exactly politically immature and poor nations in Latin America, African and Asia.Most of the international organizations were started in the 19the century. Owen (1996, p. 10) states that more recently, with the uncertainties and instabilities which expect followed the ending of the Cold War, international organizations han d over stepped in to cope with the effects of the resulting conflicts and tensions, many of them at bottom states rather than amid states n the process, many UN bodies have been found wanting.The office f the United Nations tragedy Relief Coordinator (UNDRO), for example was founded in 1971. Some of the international organizations include areaal Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), which was formed in 1989 with an objective of establishing common military, cultural and stinting policies to ensure free movement of goods, services and people between member states. The Member nations of Arab Maghreb Union include Morocco, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Mauritania (Schafer, Verbist, Imhoos, 2005).Another International Organization is Asia Pacific Economic co-operation assemblage (APEC) was formed in 1989 to promote linearization of economy in the Pacific region. Association of South East Asiatic nations (ASEAN) was formed in 1967 to replace ASA (Association of South East Asia). The member na tions of ASEA include Australia, United States of America, lacquer and in the raw Zealand. The main objective of the organization is to promote common economic, political and trading policies.There is also another international organization in the name of Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which was formed in 1965 to ensure economic cooperation in Caribbean common market, to put in place common policies in education, health, culture, industrial relation and conversation and to coordinate foreign policy among the member nations. The affiliations of the CARICOM according to Owen include Caribbean Development Bank Caribbean Examinations Council Caribbean Meteorological Organization Council of Legal Education University of Guyana University of the West Indies West Indies Shipping Corporation.The Common wealth is another pregnant international organization that is in forefront trying to address contemporary global issues. Commonwealth was formed in 1884 and it grew out of the British Emp ire. The objectives of the Commonwealth are to enable nations from different parts of the knowledge domain to sub opinions in an informal, friendly and intimate atmosphere. Commonwealth has member nations, which according to Owen (1996, p. 11) include Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Cyprus, and Dominica.Others are Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, the United Kingdom, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe. There are several other International organizations such as Commonwealth of Independent States, Council of Europe, European free trade association (EFTA), European union (EU) , disconnect co-operation council (GCC), Mercosur (Mercado Commun del Sur-southern common market), African union (AU), Organization of American States (OAS), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), South Pacific Forum, Southern African Development Community (SADC) among others. According to Mendlovitz (1966, p5) Law has too often been conceived in quiet terms as a administration of put in designed to uphold the status quo.In any legal ashes, whether national, regional, or global in scope, law also has a dynamic aspect which allows it to film a contri noneffervescention to projects for social change. Saul Mendlovitz further states that international law to the postulated goal of a warless world with an excerpt from an article that considers how law might help us move from where we are to where we would like to be it is this gap that creates what we have called the transition problem. In this new age, there has emerged a vas and ancient universal conspiracy called the Ne w World Order, which aims to unite the entire world under one government.The New World Order concept was introduced into the dictionary of the international politics after the collapse of Communism in eastern Europe (Slaughter, 2004). The condition president of the United States of America George Bush was the first who strongly invoke the root in response to the Gulf crisis. Therefore, the concept traced to 1991, when Iraq invaded Kuwait and when the cold war ended. According to Ismael (1994), he states that Thus, the end of the cold war and Iraqs invasion of Kuwait in August 1991 constitute the historical reference points for the concept.This suggests at least two dimensions in its meaning the end of an international order determined by the agitate for hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union and the initiation of a U. S. foreign policy doctrine found on U. S. hegemony in the international order. When president George Bush was waging a war of words with the the n the president of Iraq Saddam Hussein in 1990 he demonized him and referred to his effort as an attempt to establish a new world order (Wells, 2008).Many were excited by the effort of Bush at first because they vox populi the president of the United States was promoting democracy in the region as he had done in the east Europe. Unfortunately that was not to be realized as Ishmael (1994) says, Bush was determined in establishing hegemony. The region after the gulf war in Iraq and Kuwait has remained unstable politically. According to Lloyd (2002, p. 1) New world Order was a fragile creation that emerged after September 11 attack.Lloyd states, Before 11 September, the new (left) world order was a tentative, even fragile, creation. It emerged from new Labor in 1997 as an ethical dimension in foreign policy, announced by the then foreign secretary, Robin Cook, as a natural generation of the globes interdependence. The world had become a moral forum through the media and the work of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The world was at ataraxis before the attack on the United States to the extent that most world leaders praised the state in which the world was.Some of the people who were at the forefront of the new idea of new world order are Robert cooper and Anthony Giddens, a senior diplomat and a director of the London school of economics respectively. Giddens was for the idea that globalization could then take place because there was a state of peace that was a recipe to one global governance. The globalization, he argued would transfer power from the nations into the global space leading to the call for the need of regulation to guide the governance.Copper on the other hand argued that new world order leave alone lead to a shift in value where there will be a victory of values of individual of those of state and those of market over the military ones and foreign policy will no longer to be about war (Lloyd, 2002, p. 1). International court creation came in to existence after two attempts to organize an international court had failed (Mower, 1931, p. 616). Before there was, a court called The Hague everlasting Court of International Arbitration, which could not provide the much-needed justice in the international level as the legitimate International sorry Court.Other international courts handwriting with different legal issues. For instance, there are courts that deal with human reforms at the international level, which include African Court of arbitrator (ACJ), African Court on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR), European Court of Human Rights and International-American Court of Human rights. Others include International Court of Justice (ICJ), International Criminal Court (ICC), and Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), Resource materials on International Courts and additional International Criminal Courts and courtyards.According to Class Action Publisher (2008), there are seven particular(prenominal) international criminal courts and tribunal, which include Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), International Criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Others are Regulation 64 Panels in the Courts of Kosovo, special Courts for Sierra Leone, extra panels of the District Court of Dili (East Timor) and War Crimes Chambers (WCC) in Sarajevo- within the state court. All these international courts have well designed objective and operation guidelines.International criminal Court established in 1998 by Rome statute and it is the first permanent court to hear international criminal claim. The court has a role to hear cases that are regarded as most serious such as crime against humanity, war crimes and racial extermination (Janis, 1992). It does not deal with cases that occurred prior it its institution but only to those crimes that have been connected after July 1, 2002. ICC does not deal with cases that have been co mmitted by legal entities but natural persons. It can act on cases when the cases have been referred to it by the United Nations credentials Council or with consent of the affected state.The International Criminal Court takes up a case or jurisdiction only as the last repeat when all the national avenues have been completely exhausted (Buhler Webster, 2005). The nations have been endowed with the responsibility of international crimes but when a state is unwilling to pursue justice, delays in pursuing justice or it shows impartiality of traffic with international crimes then the ICC takes up the matter. This may also result from unavailability of proper judicial system or if the state is unable to carry out the proceeding.Over one hundred nations worldwide fend for to the Rome statute that established the ICC exclusive of the United States of America. United States revoked the signature of the former president business relationship Clinton that was due to lack of checks and ba lance of the ICC. The ICC gives considerable rights to victims which include attending the proceeding of the court have having their concerns considered being represented by counsel and interrogating witnesses seeking monetary compensation after conviction and seeking deliverance of defendant assets pending trial.The ICC has four major organs namely judicial divisions, the presidency, office of the prosecutor and the registry, which have different roles that help the court to achieve its objectives (Schafer, Verbist Imhoos, 2005). The international courts have been able to provide effective enforcement of international legal instruments in different countries. Many countries have abideed from the art of war, which have seen many people suffer thereby depriving them of their human rights. Individuals for their own personal and selfish reasons started some of the wars that have caused suffering to citizens of the affected nations. existence well connected to the political order of the day most perpetrators of the crimes that lead to the abuse of human right cannot be properly persecuted in their respective countries. Other reasons that have made it possible for the perpetrators of the crime of last magnitude is the fact that most countries where such crimes are committed lack proper judicial system that is independent, impartial and ineffective. This has led to transfer of many cases to the international courts or to the ICC (Barker, 2004. )International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is an real testimony to the effectiveness of the International Courts. In Rwanda where the conflict started between the Tutsi and the Hutu tribes in 1994, many people belong to the Tutsi tribe were killed in the Genocide. The total number of the Tutsi that were killed is estimated to be over five hundred thousand people. In response to the crime, the United Nation Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in November of 1994 to prosecute crimes geno cide and violation of the Geneva Convention.The ICTR is a subsidiary organ under chapter VII of the United Nations Charter of the Security Council under article 29 (Barker, 2004). International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has completed over fifty trials so far and of the accused persons, 29 have been convicted of crime (Klip Sluiter, 200). About eleven people are on trial, others waiting trial, some are to be transferred to the national jurisdiction trial while others are still unconfined.The first person was tried three years after the formation of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in 1997 and he was Jean-Paul Akayesu. Jean Kambanda also pleaded guilty after wards. The tribunal has also issued arrest warranty to some suspects that are thought to have played a role or orchestrated the genocide like Kabuga Felicien. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda issued an international arrest warrant for Felicien in 1999 where he was charged with complicity in genocide, genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide.The action of the international court in Rwandan genocide has achieved a lot in the nation and it has sent a clear message to the whole world. With arrest, trial and persuasion of the suspects of the unfortunate occurrence, peace and order has been restored in Kigali because the Tutsi who were the main victim of all sorts of crime committed feel that justice has finally prevailed and cannot think of revenge and other notions that might lead to civil war again.The action has also sent a right signal to anybody in Ruanda and all over the world that any perpetrators of such crime will not escape the long arm of justice. Therefore, in truth International Court has succeeded in pursuing justice and is in the right path of ensuring that there is a peaceful planet where the innocent are vindicated while the guilty are condemned (Klip Sluiter, 200).

Environmental Crisis and Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Environmental Crisis and orbicular Warming EssayThe world and man resistant atomic number 18 facing assorted critical publishings and problems which we inevitably have to deal with. These concerns have great impact to our lives. quotidian people have to remind themselves of these various perils to their existence. The media to explicateher with different organizations answer us to become to a great extent aware of the problems currently on our midst. people may not find it an alarming and serious solvent since the danger at the present time is negligible but sooner or later we give come to realize that we really are into serious danger. world(a) issues are international concerns. It is felt nearly the world not just on a particular location. It is a world wide issue that needs to be address. in that respect are many types and cast of characterss of current globular issues that the world has to face. on that point is the frugal crisis felt all over the world. Vari ous health issues that came out as much people get vulnerable to cancer and other forms of illnesses. There is terrorism which is a crisis in peace and order and security. There is likewise issue on moral degradation of the society. Lastly is the global thawing or global climatic remove.Even though some believe global warming to be a hoax, yucky abide repercussions and environmental crisis prove the opposite. This global warming is an alarming environmental problem on a global scale. Some people still have doubts if the global warming issue is real or is just an imaginary anxiety fabricated by scientist who has predicted it as a serious problem in the near future. There was hundreds of information released al some the onset of global warming. Many people have do research and studies to investigate these phenomena.Documentaries are produce to open the minds and inform the public regarding the new findings regarding the problem. A individualised observation on our environmen t and a closer study lead help one to check and learn to a greater extent about the development regarding the current issue on global warming. Big scenery of the Environmental Crisis Global warming, what does it really mean? What causes global warming? What factors hold to this problem? And what are the effects of global warming? All of these are the questions frequently asked regarding this global environmental issue.Global warming is normally known as the warming of the planet cause by the greenhouse gases that trapped the heat. Global warming is similarly known as global climatic change or global climatic disruption. Global warming resulted from the increase in heat-trapping gases in the air that causes the amplified hydrological cycle resulting in increased precipitation and implosion therapy in some regions and more severe aridity in other areas. (Woods Hole Research Center, 2008) The idiomatic expression climatic change is preferred recently to be use than global war ming because it helps convey that there are other changes aside from rising temperatures.Global warming involves the average increase in temperature of the atmosphere near the res publicas surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute in global humour patterns. Global warming and climatic change can be caused by a variety of factors, twain natural and human-induced. (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008) Ozone layer depletion is oftentimes confused with global warming. Climate change and ozone depletion are different from one another but interrelated issues. Ozone depletion is not the principal cause of climate change and climate change is not the principal cause of ozone depletion.However, ozone depleting gases- such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and halons are greenhouse gases that do contribute to climate change. Ozone itself is a greenhouse gas that has effect on climate. In addition, certain changes in undercoats climate could pr esume the future condition of the ozone layer. For example, low temperature and strong polar winds both affect the extent and severity of winter polar ozone depletion. (EPA, 2008) The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that helps regulate the lands temperature. Greenhouse gases (e. g., carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons) act like insulating blanket, trapping solar vigor that would otherwise escape into space. Without this natural greenhouse effect temperatures would be about 60oF lower than they are now and feeling as we all know it today would not be possible. However human activities, primarily the earnest of fossil fuels and clearing of forest and industrialization have enhance the natural greenhouse effect, causing the earths average temperature to rise. (EPA, 2008) The greenhouse effect was first describes in theoretical terms by a Swedish researcher, Svante Arrhenius, in the late 1800s.However it wasnt until the following century that Arrhe nius theory was not sparkler. In the 1930s, scientist accomplished that parts of the globe had warmed during the previous half-century. Then in early 1960s scientist discovered that the train of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was rising. Researchers began to take interest and found a strong relationship in between the increase carbon dioxide and average global temperature. (EPA, 2008) Human-induced global climatic change is under way. The IPCC (Intergovernmental beautify on Climate Change) concluded that global mean surface air temperature has increased between about 0.5 and 1. 1 degrees Fahrenheit in the last 100 years and anticipates a further go along rise of 1. 8 to 6. 3 degrees Fahrenheit during the next century. Sea-level has risen on average 4-10 inches during the recent 100 years and is expected to rise another 6 inches to 3 feet by 2100. (WHRC, 2008) Charts and graphs showed alarming trends. atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has increase steadily over the pa st few years. The increase in the temperature is observed as well as the increase of the sea level. More disturbances in climate patterns have been greater in the previous years.These are environmental changes brought by this problem on global warming. Being environmentally Conscious What are the ways to be conscious and aware of our impact on earth? People have to find ways or alternative get-up-and-go resources. In the US for example the button related activities account for over three quarters of human generated greenhouse emission, mostly in the form of carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels. Enhanced energy efficiency is found to be one of the cheapest, most effective and safest ways to reduce global warming.Buildings should pract drinking glass energy efficiency. Cutting the fuel cost on the road by effective gas mileage depart also help. Making home appliances more energy efficient will significantly lessen energy consumption. (wecansolveit. org, 2008) Adoption of renewable resources will help break the addiction to fossil fuels like coal and oil by switching to renewable energy. These overwhelm wind power, solar thermal, solar photovoltaics and geothermal power. (wecansolveit. org, 2008) Campaigns like Zero bollix up for Zero Warming should also be supported.Landfills were found to be the largest source of methane (CH4) in the US, a global warming gas 23 times more powerful than CO2. Toxic dumps, landfills and incinerators must not be tolerated. People should learn to cycle and avoid littering. We can also use cloth bags as shopping bags to minimize waste. We need to prove green homes and businesses therefore taking monitor of our own carbon footprint. (Global Day Action, 2007) The Outcome If We Dont Change Things Who and What Will Be Affected? Severe weather changes will be the outcome if global warming will not be resolve early.These entangles climatic change that will contribute to more destructive hurricanes and floods like Katr ina, Gustav and Ike that cost millions of damages to property and life. Severe droughts will be experience in other parts of the world, deadly heat waves, wildfires and ocean temperatures rising. It will also affect the precipitation by increasing about 5 percent in atmospheric water vapor over the oceans increasing the risk of heavy rain and snow events. Scientist also predicted that the global average sea level will rise by 7 to 24 inches by 2100 due to thermal expansion alone.Arctics average temperature increases are nearly twice that of the rest of the world. The arctic sea ice could virtually evaporate during the summer of 2020. Melting of permafrost will continue. This permafrost is ice that has permanently frozen into the ground. The permafrost traps methane and when the melting continues it will release more of it into the atmosphere. Melting due to climate change is expected to reduce the size and extent of the polar ice caps, even taking to account the potential of more s now and ice accumulation atop the ice sheets due to increased precipitation.Temperature changes in the Arctic Circle also cause polar bears to die. Also temperatures on a lower floor oceans caused destruction of coral reefs. Ecosystems will also be affected because of floods and drought could lead to the risk of quenching for some animals and plant species. Agriculture and farming will also be affected due to weather extremes. Human health will also be greatly affected which will result in increases cases of malaria and dengue outbreak. Heat-related illness and cold related illness will increase. (EPA, 2008).Sandra Steingraber the author of Living Downstream also mentioned that the increase in cancer cases is attributed to environmental influences. The US Climate Policy The United States Federal establishment has established a comprehensive policy to address climate change. This policy has three basic objectives that is to say slowing the growth of emissions, strengthening scienc e, technology and institutions and enhancing international cooperation. The federal government is implementing this policy through self-imposed and incentive based programs and has established major government-wide programs to advance climate technologies and improve climate science.(EPA, 2008) Some of these policies include the national goal to reduce emissions intensity, current and near tem greenhouse gas reduction initiatives, climate change technology program, climate change science program and international cooperation like the IPCC and the Asia Pacific Partnership on Ocean Development and Climate. Action on global warming by cities and local anaesthetic government includes structure codes, zoning, transportation systems and electricity production campaigns.These include local regulation requiring newly constructed homes to be more energy efficient, a city or local subsidy to encourage homeowners to install electricity generating solar panels, local regulations requiring el ectric utilities to produce at least 20% of their electricity from wind, solar, or other renewable energy sources. , changing the citys or towns zoning rules to require neighborhoods have a mix of housing, offices, industry, schools and stores close together to encourage walking and decrease the need for using cars among other regulations or local climate change policies. (American jump for Local Action on Global Warming)Conclusion Global warming is a real problem of our times. Some are skeptics and believe it is just a kind of hysteria by some scientists. Even if Al Gore emphasized global warming in his documentary film The Inconvenient Truth many still have doubts if it is real. Nature or what we forebode mother earth like humans need to be taken care of. It is our responsibility to negociate our earths natural resources and to preserve our planet making it a livable place. If people will continue to abuse the environment and become careless in throwing toxic waste and emitting toxic gases our planet will eventually come to destruction someday.The predictions may not be far from real for us at the moment but it doesnt mean we should neglect our responsibility in protecting our environment. There is still time for people to reduce the outcome of this event. People should start thinking seriously on how they can contribute in solving and altering the increasing scenario of global warming.ReferenceAmerican Support for Local Action on Global Warming (2008) Yale School of Forestry And Environmental Studies. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http//environment. yale. edu Citizens Groups Reject soiled Waste Technologies, Call For Zero Waste for ZeroWarming (2007) Global Day Action Against Waste and Incineration. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http//gda. no-burn. org Enhance Energy Efficiency (2008) Solutions-wecansolveit. org. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http//www. wecansolveit. org Frequent Questions (2008). Climate Change. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http//www. epa. gov Global climatic Disruption- Scientists Statement (1997) Wood Hole Research Center. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http//www. whrc. org U. S. Climate Policy and Actions (2008) Climate Change-U. S. Policy. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http//www. epa. gov