Strategic human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Strategic human resource management - Essay Example The organisation boasts over an employee population of 1,000 head tally. Its top management and specifically the human resource management department ensure that the employees deliver their obligations in accordance to the set goals and objectives. The following questionnaire is central to the company’s strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices in ensuring cohesion and integration of Emaar’s labour force and its long-range plans (Armstrong, 2000). Emaar’s SHRM guarantees its employees a health workplace through teambuilding and encouragement of teamwork, a factor that serves to ease the threat of conflicts and other differences, which may harm the employees’ worthwhile coexistence in the organization. Further, the SHRM provides necessary training and provision of information on any changes in the industry to acquaint the employees and stakeholders with up to date skills and knowledge (Perkins, Shortland & Perkins, 2006). The Emaar’s human resource management team executes relevant and appropriate plans concerning the chain of management, and decision-making with acknowledgement of the open door policy to ensure that all groups in the organisation undertake the obligations in accordance to the long-term goals (Dhar, 2008). The human resource management also offers rewards and incentives, which serve to motivate the employees who in turn perform their duties competently thus enabling the organisation to achieve its goals at the long run. Emaar’s human resource management group ensures that the employees have competence abilities and skills. This enables the organization to achieve a competitive advantage that its competitors cannot initiate (Armstrong, 2000). Through the process of vetting and evaluation, SHRM is capable of enrolling the competent staff to deliver quality service hence growing competitively in the UAE construction and building market. Summative surveys also serve as beneficial staffing style since they

Ethics -Radio Shack Ceo Sacandal Essay Example for Free

Ethics -Radio Shack Ceo Sacandal Essay Ethics is the consideration of how human actions can improve or deteriorate the environments in which we work and live. In the wake of recent corporate scandals like Enron and WorldCom leading to trials and imprisonment of previously powerful (Chief Executing Officer) CEO’s public trust in CEO’s has diminished. Therefore when the story about the forged academic credentials of Dave Edmondson, CEO of Radio Shack came it re-ignited the mistrust. This paper will provide a brief background of the scandal and detailed analysis of the ethical issues involved and whether the actions taken by RadioShack were ethical or not. Background: Dave Edmondson was on a fast career track and was named CEO of Radio Shack in May 2005. In February, 2006 Radio Shack announced that its CEO, David Edmonson has resigned over questions raised over his resume. The Fort Worth Star- Telegram discovered that he had not earned degrees in theology and psychology from Heartland Baptist College as claimed on his resume. Moreover Edmonson had only finished two semesters at the college and the college did not even offer a psychology major. Edmonson admitted to the errors calling them â€Å"misstatements† and resigned in the aftermath of the corporate scandal. Analysis: The main issue about this case is not just forging of the academic credentials but how Radio Shack handled the case that generated criticism from public and turned it into a media circus. The basic hypernorms of honesty and integrity were not met by RadioShack in handling the situation. Edmondson did not display fairness towards Radio Shack by trying to communicate the value of knowledge via false degrees. It was not just the disappointing fact that Edmondson lied on his resume but what was equally troubling was the individual and corporate response to the scandal. Radio Shack supported its CEO and failed to give public any substantial answers. The ethical question then becomes that what is the responsibility of board of directors? Should they oversee the personal ethics of a CEO as long as he is driving the shareholders maximum value and yielding higher profits for he firm or they should step up and take responsibility for their own short comings, take the required action and set an example of driving the company by ethical values and standards not just profits? Radio shack displayed lack of responsibility as a company when it came to take ownership of the issue and failed to address the public with compassion and was unable to provide clarification regarding the r esume issue. From philosophical approach- consequentialism view holds that whether an act is morally right depends only on the consequences of that act. Edmondson’s decision to lie on his resume turned out to bring good consequences only for him in terms of a career hike. Deontology brings up these questions: Was Edmondson’s decision legal, fair, just or right? No, it was not and transparency and information sharing regarding the falsified resume might have led to different outcomes both for Edmondson and RadioShack. Considering the virtue ethics, did Edmondson and RadioShack’s decision demonstrate expected virtues? The company had built its image and reputation over many years. This reputation entailed virtues of trustworthiness, compassion, integrity and responsibility. It did not seem that Edmondson’s decision to not come clean was based on any of these considerations. He bluntly violated the virtue ethics. The stakeholders involved were shareholders, board of directors, employees and common people. He could be cut slack for being an ambitious young individual at the start of his career but how can the ignorance be overseen that in the years of making towards a CEO he never came clean. Infact when the scandal was raised and he was confronted he did not even admit right away. This displays lack of character and credibility. A company’s leader should be transparent and trustworthy. From a modified moral standards approach I feel that there wasn’t any net benefit to the company from his falsified educational claims. It was also not fair to all the stakeholders involved as there could have been a better candidate who got rejected due to a truthful but less flashy resume. Also the distribution of benefits was enjoyed by the CEO whereas the burdens were shared by him and the company equally in terms of a bad reputation and loss of public trust. Also RadioShack was not consistent with the virtues expected by its employees as they did not bring them and other stakeholders in the loop during the media frenzy which led to a discontented employee atmosphere. This also leads to question the monitoring and compliance at RadioShack. They had a code of conduct and code of ethics in place detailing the responsibilities of the employees but how realistically this was being followed can be easily criticized based on Edmondson’s case. I believe that company’s code of ethics should be incorporated in its values and system actions. Corporate risk can be reduced and even mitigated if the organization can align values for ethical motivation and action. Edmondson did take accountability of his unethical actions later and RadioShack’s board of directors also learned the hard way that blind support of a CEO without any solid evidence is unwise and can tarnish the reputation of the company. If they had accepted and reacted to responsibility as soon as the scandal broke the company would have been able to save its reputation and maintained credibility.

Pre Marital Sex And School Dropouts Sociology Essay

Pre Marital Sex And School Dropouts Sociology Essay This is the base line study conducted among adolescent students to correlate between the knowledge and the thoughts of students about pre-marital sex and school dropouts.  The present study is a cross sectional base line study conducted using an online survey which consisted of questions relating to the topic to test the understanding of the Indian youth on premarital sexual activity. Around 130 students attempted this survey based on their views on premarital sex and their perception regarding the present scenario of the society. The study shows that around 79% of the students think that premarital sex is nothing but a sexual intercourse before marriage, and not an adolescent or youthful sex. Moreover, students disagreed on the fact that premarital sex is responsible for school dropouts in India. INTRODUCTION Sex being a universal term one would expect a great deal to be known about it. But this is not the case, partly because all societies regulate sexual activities. The family institution is where sexual activities or intercourse takes place between two adult of opposite sex. Pre-marital sex is not confined to young people alone; a good number of people who are not married are also vulnerable to pre-marital sex. This is evidence by the large number of unintended pregnancies many of which get terminated in back street clinics which leads to the high rate of sexually transmitted infections among the 15-24 years old and an increasing number of girls dropping out of school due to unwanted pregnancies. Is premarital sex really a good enough reason for girls to drop their schools? Let us find out with the help of some reports and surveys conducted across the world. In a recent report released by CSA (Centre for The study of Adolescents), the age of sexual debut is now at all-time low, in between 8 and 12 years. This increases the chances of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases as well as the chances of dropping out of school. Also, the consequences of pre-marital sex are sexually transmitted diseases, (as well as HIV) are higher for females. If a young girl becomes pregnant, she places herself and her unborn child at further risk because a young girls body would not have developed to the point being able to handle child birth safely. Even if a young mother escapes severe heath consequences, she must still face serious responsibilities of parenthood. This is aside the fact that she drops out of school and except in rare cases she may never go back to school again. Modern society is becoming freer in many different ways so that premarital sex is becoming more ordinary. Pre-marital sex seems to be causing many social disturbances su ch as disorderly household and more corruption of public morals. The absence of social and economic opportunities for girls and women and the demands placed on them, coupled with the gender inequities known to exist within the educational system, may result in unsatisfactory school experiences, poor academic performance and resignation to or preference for early childhood. Although pregnancy is often thought to disrupts the education of adolescent girls, teenage reproductive behaviour may be endogenous to school completion in that many of the same factors lead to drop out and early child bearing. In conjunction with the trend towards an increase in the age as marriage, the age at sexual initiation among young women has either remained the same or risen. At the same time, a shift has occurred in many countries towards an increase in the proportion initiating sex before marriages at ages when adolescent could still be enrolled to school. However, the issue of premarital sex in India remains a poorly explored topic. Not enough is known about the levels, trends and regional patterns in sexual activity before marriage in India. A review of the literature on adolescent sexuality showed that anywhere up to 10% of unmarried girls and women and 20-30% of unmarried boys and men have been sexually active. Given the conservative attitude towards non-marital sexuality, even this vague figure for premarital sex is revealing. Further, there are indicators that the numbers are likely to be higher than those reported by women, especially in poor and rural areas. Considering the present Indian generation, this topic is now becoming more and more open in comparison to the preceding generations, which is highly motivating to do a survey on a topic presumed to be a taboo in the society. In the popular media, there is now a sense that sex before marriage is on the rise with the social and economic changes brought about by globalisation. The increasing exposure of youth to western culture is thought to have effected a change in moral attitudes towards sex before marriage. REVIEWS AND FINDINGS The data used for this study are collected with the help of an online survey. This analysis includes all women and men, unmarried or married. While there appears to be a strong relationship between education and household wealth and the levels of premarital sex among women, these relationships are less clear for men. The percentage of women who report premarital sexual intercourse decreases with an increase in their level of education as well as with an increase in the wealth quintile their household is in, albeit marginally. The majority of women cannot enjoy sex outside of the bonds of marriage. The development of a fulfilling sex life needs the security and peace of the marriage bond. Premarital sex usually takes place sneaking around in hidden places dealing with the fear of being caught, the fear of pregnancy and feelings of guilt. All these (worrisome) factors undermine pleasure in premarital sex, most especially for women. But there is no discernible relationship between prema rital sex and mens level of education or wealth. In India, research attention on youth sexual behaviour has increased considerably in recent years. Several small and large scale studies, including the recent National Family Health Survey and the National Behavioural Surveillance Survey have explored pre-marital sexual behaviour of young people. Evidence from these studies indicates that despite socio-cultural taboos, youth in India do engage in pre-marital sex and that for many young people, pre-marital sexual experiences are characterised by multiple partnerships, lack of contraception or condom use and for young women, by coercion as well. Studies that shed light on the correlates of pre-marital sexual experiences among young people are, however, few in India. Although studies on pre-marital sexual behaviour of young people have increased considerably in India in recent years, these studies differ substantively and methodologically. Just a couple of studies were nationally representative, a few were representative of districts in which they were conducted and almost all others were small-scale studies. Some focused on community-based samples of unmarried and married youth, while others focused on institution-based samples of special groups such as college students or young men seeking treatment for sexually transmitted infections. Hence, findings from most of these studies were not intended to be generalised to the country as a whole. Numerous scientific studies show that the children of single mothers suffer psychologically and are less successful socially and academically than children from intact families. Above all, children need both their father and their mother. It is wrong to risk having children who will never have their fathers l ove, protection and care. The following are the results of the online survey which included around 130 people. This online survey is taken by approx. 130 people of which 82% are male and remaining 18% are female. Out of these 130 people, 42% belong to the age group of greater than or equal to 20. Remaining 58% have their age less than 20 years. 71% of the Indian Population thinks that pre-marital sex is justified and correct, even morally. The increasing exposure of youth to western culture is thought to have effected a change in moral attitudes towards sex before marriage. In general, Indian men and women are not expected to have sex before marriage. But still, 22% of the people who attempted the survey said that if a boy and a girl are prior to marrying each other, their sexual activity is morally correct. Otherwise, it is wrong. In the popular media, there is now a sense that sex before marriage is on the rise with the social and economic changes brought about by globalisation. Culture also plays an important role when it comes to the decisions which are bold and would be unacceptable in the society. Especially in Indian culture, where ethics and values are followed to the core, such activities may create a thunderstorm in the society. 79% of the people think that Indian culture has a great influence on the perception regarding Pre-marital sex. Considering the above diagrams, it can be easily understood that pre-marital sex is a taboo in Indian society. As a result, there are several ramifications for the event. School Dropouts, being the most common and the most severe one, can be observed as a prime effect of pre-marital sex, in case of unwanted situations like pregnancies. When the youth was asked about the school dropouts, 74% disagreed for the fact that increase in school dropouts is not due to pre-marital sexual activities. Also, when asked about the future aspects of the event, 72% of the people said that they have no problem engaging in a pre-marital sexual activity. CONCLUSION At the national level, reported premarital sex is still fairly low among women (1.8%) and somewhat higher among men (12%). The data show that ever married women are more likely to report premarital sex compared to currently unmarried women. A comparison of the age at intercourse and the age at marriage for married women reveals that the majority of women who had premarital sex report the start of sexual activity to have taken place in the year before marriage suggesting that it is likely that takes place during the transition to marriage. Among unmarried women and men who report premarital sexual activity, the distributions vary in accordance with their level of education and household income. It is notable that gender equitable attitudes in men are associated with higher levels of premarital sexual activity, while the opposite is true for women. If the awareness of the consequences of risky sexual behaviour is combined with the better ability to determine safe and healthy outcomes a mong both women and men, then this is one avenue for public policy to ensure better sexual health in the population. Sexual activity for young people arrests their psychological, social and academic development. Studies show that when young people engage in premarital sex, their academic performance declines and their social relationships with family and friends deteriorate. This is because adolescents are too immature to deal with the explosive sex drive and it tends to dominate their life. Sex is a powerful force that can destroy if not used properly. Like atomic power, sex is the most powerful creative force given to man. When atomic power is used correctly it can create boundless energy; when it is used in the wrong way it destroys life. Sex is the same kind of powerful force. Sex is a gift from God to give us the greatest pleasure, to help in creating a deep companionship with ones spouse and for procreation of the next generation. But if you play with this powerful force outside the bounds of marriage, it destroys you and those close to you. As mentioned above, it may ruin the entire career of the person by dropping his/her academics. Our study makes several new and important contributions to understanding the correlates of age at initiation of pre-marital sex among both young women and men about which information is scant in India. Programmatically, findings underscore the need for sexual and reproductive health interventions to target not only young people but also their peers and the influential adults in their life, including parents. Methodologically, the study emphasises the need to continue the search for appropriate methodologies to measure sensitive behaviours among youth as well as the need for prospective or panel study designs that capture the ways in which the situation and experiences in adolescence influence their life courses at later ages.

The Uncertainty Of Perception :: essays research papers

The Uncertainty of Perception "Seeing conditions what we believe†¦believing conditions what we see." This observation is the core of society and the substratum of human behavior. Psychological studies have reinforced and proven theories involving the conditioning of humans. However, failure lies in the attempt to assign the causes to a single concept. Among the vast influences for human behavior is our tendency to see what our beliefs would have us to, and hence, believe only what we happen to see. Obviously, my previous statement only obfuscates our attempt to comprehend the intended notion. In order to attain total understanding of the profound thought the quotation develops, I will attempt to analyze and apply it to my experience and knowledge of conditioning. Primarily, I need a concise interpretation of the idea. The contextual definition of see is "to perceive by the eye." Unfortunately, sight, is only one of five senses. Even worse, the images we see through our eyes are s tatistically only one-millionth of our actual reality. Therefore, anything we see is not the entire being or actuality of the world around us but instead a finite perception (by means of vision) of the universe. The technical definition of the other key term, belief, is "a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing." In context, I will use the typical philosopher's definition and define belief as "the unthinking acceptance of an idea or system of ideas." Philosophically, belief is "blind" and is described as "the process of making a commitment to an idea in order to make that idea work for you." In a selfish sense, it is the process of making ideas true. Transitionally, the quotation can be interpreted as "Our finite perception of reality determines what we will accept as the truth, and what we view as the truth will alter our already limited perceptions of life." Although wordy, a better co nnotation is produced and the coherence of the concept is increased. "Well, now that we have seen each other," said the Unicorn, "if you believe in me, I'll believe in you. Is that a bargain?" writes Lewis Carroll in his piece, Through the Looking-Glass. The situation of the Unicorn and Man appears to be that neither believed in the other because they had never seen the other species, thus illustrating the age-old slogan "Seeing is believing." In today's modern society that maxim is evident. The Uncertainty Of Perception :: essays research papers The Uncertainty of Perception "Seeing conditions what we believe†¦believing conditions what we see." This observation is the core of society and the substratum of human behavior. Psychological studies have reinforced and proven theories involving the conditioning of humans. However, failure lies in the attempt to assign the causes to a single concept. Among the vast influences for human behavior is our tendency to see what our beliefs would have us to, and hence, believe only what we happen to see. Obviously, my previous statement only obfuscates our attempt to comprehend the intended notion. In order to attain total understanding of the profound thought the quotation develops, I will attempt to analyze and apply it to my experience and knowledge of conditioning. Primarily, I need a concise interpretation of the idea. The contextual definition of see is "to perceive by the eye." Unfortunately, sight, is only one of five senses. Even worse, the images we see through our eyes are s tatistically only one-millionth of our actual reality. Therefore, anything we see is not the entire being or actuality of the world around us but instead a finite perception (by means of vision) of the universe. The technical definition of the other key term, belief, is "a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing." In context, I will use the typical philosopher's definition and define belief as "the unthinking acceptance of an idea or system of ideas." Philosophically, belief is "blind" and is described as "the process of making a commitment to an idea in order to make that idea work for you." In a selfish sense, it is the process of making ideas true. Transitionally, the quotation can be interpreted as "Our finite perception of reality determines what we will accept as the truth, and what we view as the truth will alter our already limited perceptions of life." Although wordy, a better co nnotation is produced and the coherence of the concept is increased. "Well, now that we have seen each other," said the Unicorn, "if you believe in me, I'll believe in you. Is that a bargain?" writes Lewis Carroll in his piece, Through the Looking-Glass. The situation of the Unicorn and Man appears to be that neither believed in the other because they had never seen the other species, thus illustrating the age-old slogan "Seeing is believing." In today's modern society that maxim is evident.

Barney: Responding Essay

1. Between the journal entries from September 10th and 11th, the rat has trapped the scientist by biting the rope while he was in the well, so he is either dead or alive at the bottom of the well. 2. Tayloe was fired because of poison trails leading up to Barney’s dish, and in the scientist’s point of view, Tayloe tried to kill the rat because he thought he was getting too smart. The scientist rationalized on this thinking that this was under the influence of alcohol, that the life on the island was too much for him, and that he lost his guinea pigs. 3. The real cause for the dismissal was because the rat tricked the scientist into firing him, by placing poison trails leading up to his dish. Barney needed to get rid of Tayloe for two reasons. The first is Tayloe said Barney was getting too smart, so he was worried he would try and kill him. The second is that Barney was already plotting to kill the scientist, and it would be much easier to do so with Tayloe gone. Foreshadowing of the surprise ending was â€Å"He denied it. Who else then? †This would make you think of who would have actually tried to poison Barney of the two of them, even though it was neither. 4. One sample of irony in the second last paragraph is â€Å"I have now replaced that section or rope and arranged some old sacking beneath it to prevent recurrence of the accident. † This is ironic because the scientist believed the rope was weathering because of the edge of the masonry, and in trying to fix the problem, he arranged sacking underneath the rope. But this will do no good, as the rat was biting the rope, and later gets him trapped in the well with the same strategy. In the same paragraph, another sample of irony is â€Å"Perhaps I should fix myself a sandwich as I may be down there longer than seems likely at the moment. † This is ironic because the scientist thinks he will be in the well longer than he hopes. But little does he know, he will be down there for the rest of his short life. In the final paragraph, third sample of irony is â€Å"I sprayned my wrist is why this is written so bad. †This is very ironic because this is the rat pretending to be the scientist so that nothing is fishy. But a sprained wrist doesn’t affect spelling, may just slur a few words. 5. ? 6. The story is written in journal form because it has to have time between each paragraph. For example, there has to be a gap between the second last and last journal entry, for the point of view to change (scientist to rat). 7. Well, the reultz of my experimentt argh complete. The ratt turned very very smart. The end.

Research CSS (level 1) vs. CSS3 Essay

The latest version of CSS is the CSS3 version which basically differs from CSS2 in the incorporation of Modules and other changes. Modules enable the designing to be done in a lesser time with more ease while updating individual features and specifications. The CSS3 version supports many more browsers than CSS2, but make sure it works on all operating systems and browsers. Other major changes include CSS Selectors which CSS2 had simple selectors and the new version calls the components as a sequence of simple selectors. Pseudo elements because many Pseudo elements have been added that allow in-depth yet easy styling. Also a new convention of double colons ‘::’ has been introduced. Style properties let multiple background images be layered in the box using different elements like background image position and repeat. Border style is the styling of borders that extended to images and rounded designs which includes creating image of the borders and then automatically apply image to the borders through CSS. Additions in Properties include border-radius, image-source, image-slice, and the values for width outset and stretch have been added in CSS3. It also features properties for managing boxes like shadowing, wrapping and breaking have been added. The best part of CSS3 is that it has done away with complex structures for div tag and makes it easy for hassle free designing of multiple table-less columns. This can be simply done by putting in the number of columns in the browser that need to be added in the body element along with their width, color and height to make the text flow through the columns with ease.

shakira essays

shakira essays Shakira Do you know who Shakira is? Well she is a Colombian singer who started singing when she was eight years old. Shakira has worked really hard to persuade her dreams. In this research paper I will tell you everything I figured out about Shakira. I will tell you about her life and her career. Shakira was born in Barranquilla, Colombia on February 2, 1977. Her full name is Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll. Her name means Woman Full of Grace. She has Lebanese blood because her dad is from Lebanon. Her dad is William Mebarak and her mother is Nidia Ripoll. She is the only child of Nidia but not of William. Shakira has eight siblings. Shakira has no tattoos. Her current boyfriend is Antonio de La Rua he is son of the president of Argentina. Before she started dating Antonio she was married to Osvaldo Rios they were only married for eight months. Shakira strong points are discipline and perfectionist(shakira.com). Shakira does not eat candy or drink alcohol or drink coffee. She does not smoke either she hates the smell of cigarettes. Shakira started singing at the age of eight years at this age she wrote her first song. She also started playing her guitar when she was eleven years old. Ironically, she was kicked out off the school choir because her voice projected too loudly(2tup.com). When she was thirteen she sign with Sony Discos. Shakira wanted to be in rock music but Sony had other plans for her. They wanted to mold her into another of these one hit wonder girl singer who seem to disappear at a blink(2tup.com). By age nineteen she had recorded her third album titled Pies Descalzos or bare foot. Which focused on rock, pop and Latin Rhythm. It sold 900,000 copies. The album reached success all over South America and maintained its position in the billboard Latin top 50, moving quickly to the ...

Selling Your Novel Without an Agent

Selling Your Novel Without an Agent Many authors mistakenly believe you must have a literary agent to sell your novel to a publisher – especially one of the big New York publishers. While it’s true that the right agent can help you find a publisher and negotiate a contract, it’s also possible to have a flourishing career without an agent. If you’re interested in selling your novel without an agent, here are some tips and guidelines to help you: 1.  Ã‚     Research Your Market – While many people rely on their agent to match them up with the right publisher, my experience has been that I knew as much about my chosen market as most of the agents I talked to. You, too, can become an expert in your genre. Read editor and agent blogs. Visit publisher websites. Follow publishers and agents on Twitter. Read publications devoted to your genre. Read the dedications and acknowledgments in your favorite books in your genre and note the names of editors – these are the pros you want to work with. 2.  Ã‚     Perfect Your Pitch – Your manuscript or proposal is a product you’re trying to sell to a publisher, so polish your one-to-two sentence pitch. You’ll use this pitch in query letters and as an â€Å"elevator pitch† when you meet editors at conferences. Your pitch should tell what your book is about, but it should also â€Å"sell† the project, making it sound intriguing and marketable. For instance, my pitch for my November release, The View From Here, was â€Å"Northern Exposure in the Rocky Mountains.† This immediately conjured up the idea of a small, rugged town filled with quirky characters. 3.  Ã‚     Know Publisher Policies – Though some publishers say they’ll take only agented manuscripts, plenty of publishers are still open to unagented submissions. Smaller presses such as Bell Bridge Books are open to unagented authors, as are most digital publishers and many larger publishers, including Kensington Books,   St. Martin’s Press, Berkley Books, Harlequin Books and many others. Read the publisher’s guidelines on their web sites and in market guides, but go a step further. Make a phone call and ask if they’ll accept a query from an unagented author. The worst that can happen is they’ll say no. And many will say yes. 4.  Ã‚     Attend Conferences – Even publishers with policies against unagented material will   send editors to conferences to take pitches. If you’re targeting a particular publisher and an editor you’d like to work with is attending, the price of the conference fee could be a good investment in your career. Pitch your project to the editor and they may request you send them the manuscript. I sold The View From Here to Kensington 5.  Ã‚     Enter Contests – Contests are another way to get your work in front of editors even if you don’t have an agent. Most contests will list the names of final judges. Select contests with judges who are editors you want to work with. (You’ll know this because you’ve been doing   your research – see #1). 6.  Ã‚     Find a Literary Attorney – Once you’ve successfully sold your novel, you’ll need to hire a literary attorney to review the contract for you. Be sure you get a literary attorney, and not just any lawyer. You want someone familiar with the contract terms used in publishing. You can find a literary attorney through a Google search or from referrals from writer’s organizations. Expect to pay several hundred dollars for the contract review, but it’s a one-time fee and well worth the money.

Analyses Of The Nanosonics Matter And Its Usage In The Auditing Field

Auditing standards for an auditor is like a holy book. All the ones involved in the auditing field have to obey the standards, Negligence and breach of any rule of the auditing standards will result in serious violation and strict actions. All the techniques and the policies that are required by an auditor to follow in order to carry an audit of the financial statements are inscribed in the auditing standards (Elder et. al, 2010). When a new auditor is hired then it is his duty to write to the outgoing auditor in order to gain knowledge about the audit he is going to carry on so to eliminate any sources of vulnerability against his professional career and his accolades.   All the audit plans made should be clear, concise and infallible and should be in direct consideration with the points mentioned below. The plan shall include the following steps: The first work in the to-do-list involves interaction with the outgoing auditor which ensures that the company is fit to join and has no discrepancy in the previous financial statements. The second step to follow is that the incoming auditor writes a letter to the company management about his personal terms and conditions. Only upon approval by the management, the auditor is hired. This is a process to set up friendly relations with the company management as per the auditing standard 210. The auditing plan to be taken up is decided by both the auditor and the management with mutual agreement by both the sides (Fazal, 2013). As mentioned earlier, the auditor and the management have to agree upon some terms and conditions and also some plans which makes the deal valid. In the early stage of the auditing, the auditor thoroughly checks that the policies and the processes taken up by the company are suitable, in respect to the auditing standard 220. As the audit of the financial statements are carried on by the auditor, it is the duty of the appointment partner to see that all the policies are well-understood by the auditor and he works within it (Baldwin, 2010). The appointment partner must also see that the policies taken up by the company are positively used and applied by the auditor. The transparency of the financial statements should also be checked by the appointment partner. The compilation of the audit is done in consideration to the auditing standard 30. Paperwork presenting the auditing of the financial statements, troubles that can rise if the auditing papers are lost, and the copyright of the papers are some of the key points that the auditing plan should include from the starting. The auditor need to get familiar and must thorough the policies that the company is following only after which the auditing must be allowed to get on track (Gay & Simnet, 2015). Along with the policies it is also important to understand the mode and types of transaction and the auditing environment of the company. It is important that all information regarding the nonessential, first priority and the supportive laws are made thorough top the auditor (Cappelleto, 2010). The choosing of the auditing process is a much later work. First it is the duty and responsibility that to have clear knowledge of the conditions of the company and if material risk has been detected then i t has been dealt with the laws of governance and only after full satisfaction that the company is not a fraudulent one and there is no case of any misstatements on the part of the company the auditor may start the process of auditing for the company. In relation to the audit plan of Nanosonics, several approaches must be taken into account. The company is primarily an innovator in the prevention of infection and for such purpose, its automated and unique EPR high-level disinfection device allows it set a new care standard in ultrasound practices of probe disinfection (Nanosonics, 2017). The company’s inherent risk is already high in nature owing to its volume of risky activities that can also cause damage to the third parties. Besides, the scale of operations of the company is also higher in nature that can result in possibilities of errors, misstatements, and frauds within the organizational framework. This is the reason why traceability is needed in documenting and monitoring equipment reprocessing. As an auditor, the records maintained by the company cannot be relied upon and therefore, proper vigilance is needed as well. The appointment letter to the auditor includes the wage that the auditor will be provided. The auditing process is accepted with a positive feeling by both the sides which proceeds to audit planning. Skilled work and processes in the field of auditing is appreciated but keeping the basic techniques intact is also very important, and one of the basic functions is to question the employees of the company. Questioning the employees would give the auditor a transparent view of the framework and the working of the company at a large. The second basic priority is to effectively choose the auditing staff to carry on the processes. This includes the allotment of work to skilled professionals, non-skilled and the average-skilled workers. This step should be taken very precisely and with utter correctness (Geoffrey et. al, 2016). A weighed mixture of professionals can prove to be a very positive set to carry on the auditing processes. The following and creation of the to-do-list is very important once the auditing is started. Auditors can start with cash and bank account audit which is guaranteed to involve only minor expenses. As per the over-the-year records, it is seen that the cash and bank transaction have a hike and are increasing on a constant basis. Because of the above case the cash and bank transitions must be carried more attentively along with the bank reconciliations. Skilled processes, extended time is required in the case of cash and bank transactions audit. Financial costs showed a positive decline in the year 2017. This was marked by the issuing of payoffs, receipts and interest incomes. All this can be summoned up to say that Nanosonics is coming up as a huge success in 2017. Increase in dividend distributions along with increase in audit samples has also been seen as in comparison to the previous year. Mass volume with large chunks is involved now which can increase the threats of manipulations. Licenses obtained from various government authorities, permits and quality control boards should be the put up at top priority with systematic checking system (Nanosonics, 2017). Attentive checking of the purchases is recommended so that no imperfect material is bought at an exaggerated price. The account involving the data of assets and stocks should be paid attention in order to eliminate any manipulation that can be done in order to set the profit image high which is practically a discrepancy and false statement (Hoffelder, 2012). The report will now discuss five sectors where there are severe chances of high material misstatements.   The type of audit and its timing is determined by some factors like purchase of property, plant, and equipment. All this is grouped under material account segment. High investments are seen in the company with respect to its pattern of business which involves expansion priorities because of which the property could have been bought. Not a very high difference in seen in investment figures this year as in comparison to the year 2015 in which the investments were also high. This will make the investments a threat stricken sector, where fraud, misstatement, and indiscretion are probable (Kaplan, 2011). Manual analysis of the assets bought or sectors were money is invested is a very significant bustle. Checking must also be done in these cases: These are the key points that are needed to be kept under utter surveillance. The company’s materiality level of investments is as follows: The value of investments that are undertaken during the year 2016 amounts to 9.5 million dollars. Furthermore, the balance of total assets at the end of accounting year amounted to $9925000 Hence, materiality= $ (0.005% of 9925000) = $496.25 Furthermore, impairment of intangibles is another risk factor for Nanosonics. The reason behind this can be attributed to the fact that there was no impairment of the same in both 2017 and 2016. Based on the accounting policies and estimates, intangible assets are examined annually for impairment if changes in situations signify that they may be impaired. However, except for goodwill, only the non-financial assets suffered impairment during the period. The carrying values of liabilities and assets can be influenced by the risk of material adjustment through the accounting estimates on share-based payments, deferred taxes, provisions, and employee benefit liabilities (Lapsley, 2012). Secondly, the transactions that are associated with related parties are also prone to material misstatements because it signifies relationship betwixt two parties that can influence the real value of transaction taking place between them. This can result in affecting the financial situation of the company (Nanosonics, 2017). In relation to Nanosonics, there are various related party transactions that have taken place within its framework. Besides, it can also be witnessed that the directors of the company still owe the huge amount of resources to the related parties that is not a good sign. Therefore, for future audit plans, such transactions with the related parties must count as an area of material risk and hence, additional auditing processes must be implemented to ensure that the financial situation is not negatively affected (Livne, 2015). Therefore, the level of materiality can be calculated as follows: Sale of products to the related parties= $2055438 Purchases of goods from such related parties= $255861 The total value of transactions with the related parties = $2312414 Hence, materiality= $(0.005% of 2312414) = $115.62 In relation to the aforesaid, powerful internal controls are required in such segment because there are higher possibilities of embezzlement of funds owing to the interest of directors in such transactions. Thirdly, it can be observed that there is also a risk of miscalculation of foreign currency risk in the financial statement of the company (Nanosonics, 2017). However, the same can be utilized for self-interest purposes and there is a higher chance of embezzlement of funds in such scenario. Moreover, this is the reason why an audit plan can play a key role in protecting the company from such fund embezzlement. The income of $771000 has increased from $11000 and the same can be attributed to net exchange foreign gains on foreign currency forward options and contracts. Furthermore, the other income of $780000 of the company consists of $771000 of only foreign exchange gains that are a dubious scenario (Nanosonics, 2017). Such risk of foreign currency risk can result in an economic risk for the company. Besides, the net foreign exchange losses of the company in 2017 were $1032000 in comparison to $541000. Such variations in the computation of foreign currencies clearly shed light on the fact there have been miscalculations in the foreign currency currencies (Manoharan, 2011). Thus, the level of materiality can be computed as follows: Income from net foreign exchange gains= $771000 Therefore, materiality= $0.005%*771000= $38.55 Fourthly, it can also be seen that the company exerts too much dependence upon its portfolio of intellectual property. Such portfolio is crucial for saving the existing revenue streams of the company and protecting its business in the development of new products and entry into new markets (Merchant, 2012). Such reliance on intellectual property portfolio may have some costs associated with it and the company has failed to reflect the number of such costs in its annual report. This is a risk of material misstatement in the company’s accounts because it does not offer true financial information about the performance and affairs that may not satisfy the requirements of stakeholders in making relevant decisions (Manoharan, 2015) Fifthly, it is observable from the annual report of the company that its inventories have increased in comparison to the last year. The number of inventories in the year 2017 amounted to $7728000 whereas it reflected $6935000 in the year 2016. The question is that the sale of goods and services of the company have also increased in comparison to the last year, which clearly shows that the level of inventories must have declined and not increased in comparison to the last year. The figure of sales amounted to $67507000 in the year 2017 whereas it depicted $42796000 in the previous year. Hence, such inflated value of inventories clearly shed light on the fact that a material misstatement has occurred and the company may have done it for its economic interests (Nanosonics, 2017). In simple words, the overinflated value of inventories plays a key role in exaggerating the total value of the stored goods and materials. In most of the cases, such overstated inventories are the reasons for u nintentional errors or fraudulent manipulations(Messier et. al, 2005). Thus, the level of materiality can be computed as follows: Income from sale of goods and services= $67507000 Therefore, materiality= $0.005%*77280000= $3864 The aforesaid evaluations are essential for the survival of an organization. Besides, audit processes and their effectiveness ascertain the benefits of overall engagement of audit plan. Therefore, such strategy is necessary because it offers a path for the partners to determine the audit plan for the company (Roach, 2010). Nanosonics is a huge company with the maximum amount of resources spent in research and development for the purpose of preventing infections. Such operation is very crucial in the current working environment because functioning for the benefit of the public is all what the stakeholders need. Besides, audit planning will still be required if the scale of operations is not higher in nature (Nanosonics, 2017). Nevertheless, audit planning prior to engagement is a strategy that can be followed by the auditors to enhance its effectiveness. Moreover, it assists a company coping up with all the challenges that persist in the current working environment. Therefore, these estimates must be ascertained carefully and for such purpose, the base of such estimates must be carefully verified. Nevertheless, since the impairment of goodwill is absent in the company’s financial, its fluctuations cannot be determined properly. Transactions associated with related parties Moreover, higher the engagement of an authority in a transaction, riskier it becomes to find out the same. Therefore, even if maintenance of strong internal controls is implemented, it will become simpler for the company to turn around the situation for the purpose of its self-interest (Matthew, 2015). Hence, additional audit processes must be undertaken together with an enhanced check on the scale of such transactions Risk of miscalculation of foreign currency Such risk is a further dimension of risk that offshore investors must take into account. Even though the risk of foreign exchange specifically caters to the undesirable movements that may result in losses, it can be beneficial for the company to benefit from such situations with the significance for additional value and beyond that of a pre-existing stagnant investment (Matthew, 2015) Therefore, if the value of same was present in the financial statement of the company, it would have assisted in reflecting the materiality level of risk that can allow an auditor to plan corrective actions in contrast to the same. The company has easily attained the position of overinflating its inventory in order to affect its net income by exaggerating the net earnings for the accounting period. This material risk must be identified by the auditor because it can allow the company manipulate its accounts for its own interest and safeguard itself from legal actions (Nanosonics, 2017). Such evaluations require strict and enhanced audit plan that plays a key role in detecting such material misstatements. Moreover, if such risks remain unidentified, the company may attain the position in influencing other segments as well that can avoid stakeholders in making valuable decisions (Matthew, 2015). Auditing standard 300 can be thought of as the godfather of the comprehensive processes mentioned above, which decides the planning of an audit of the financial report. In the early stages of auditing processes that is planning, the auditing partner and its staff accumulate and get familiar with the company and its environment. This helps to detect material misstatements related to the company article. The ending of the planning phase is followed by interaction with the management about the recorded data during the planning term and those charged with governance (Niemi & Sundgren, 2012). If the management is lenient in such cases or the auditing partner finds out that association with the current company is harmful for its professionalism then it can choose to dump the company with a notice to the management. Investigative procedures and proportional loom should be the weapons of the auditor against risks and prior material misstatements. These are the comprehensive procedures prescr ibed by various accounting and auditing which need to be followed by the auditing partner prior and in the duration of conducting any audit. Baldwin, S. (2010) Doing a content audit or inventory. Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G. (2010) Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia. AFAANZ, Melbourne Elder, J. R, Beasley S. M. and Arens A. A. (2010) Auditing and Assurance Services. Person Education, New Jersey: USA Fazal, H. (2013) What is Intimidation threat in auditing?.[online]. Available from: https://pakaccountants.com/what-is-intimidation-threat-in-auditing/ [Accessed 6 March 2017] Gay, G. and Simnet, R. (2015)   Auditing and Assurance Services. McGraw Hill Geoffrey D. B,  Joleen K,  K. Kelli S. and David A. W. (2016) Attracting Applicants for In-House and Outsourced Internal Audit Positions: Views from External Auditors. Accounting Horizons. [online] 30(1), pp. 143-156.  Available from https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-51309   [Accessed 5 March 2017] Hoffelder, K. (2012)   New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking. Harvard Press. Kaplan, R.S. (2011) Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice. The Accounting Review [online]. 86(2), pp. 367–383. Available from https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000031 Lapsley, I. (2012) Commentary: Financial Accountability & Management. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management. [online]. 9(3), pp. 291-292. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0408.00081 Livne, G. (2015)   Threats to Auditor Independence and Possible Remedies. [online] Available from: https://www.financepractitioner.com/auditing-best-practice/threats-to-auditor-independence-and-possible-remedies?full [Accessed 6 March 2017] Manoharan, T.N. (2011)   Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance. The George Washington University. Matthew, S. E. (2015) Does Internal Audit Function Quality Deter Management Misconduct?. The Accounting Review. [online]. 90(2), pp. 495-527. Available from https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50871 [Accessed 5 March 2017] Merchant, K. A. (2012) Making Management Accounting Research More Useful. Pacific Accounting   Review. [online]. 24(3), pp. 1-34. Available from https://doi.org/10.1108/01140581211283904 [Accessed 5 March 2017] Messier, W and Emby, C. (2005) Auditing & Assurance Services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill. Nanosonics. (2017) Nanosonics Annual Report 2017 [online]. Available from https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/2616865/Investor%20Centre%20-%20Annual%20Reports%20and%20Presentations/8045NANO_Annual_Report_2017_A4_Singles_Web_FA2.pdf [Accessed 7 April 2018)] Niemi, L. and Sundgren, S. (2012) Are modified audit opinions related to the availability of credit? Evidence from Finnish SMEs. European Accounting Review. [online]. 21(4), pp. 767-796. Available from https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2012.671465 [Accessed 5 March 2017] Roach, L. (2010)   Auditor Liability: Liability Limitation Agreements. Pearson.

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Childcare Level 3- The questions are listed in the instructions box - Coursework Example I will also assist them to acquire language skills in the course (Kate, 2008). In the event of handling learners in childcare, the challenge of local accents prevails since it affects their fluency in grammar. For instance, when a learner with a heavy accent raises a question, there might be grammar errors. In this case, fellow students might make fun of him or her, but it is my duty to shun that behavior and assist the learner to correct the mistake to the expected standard. This will steer more class participation and contribution during discussion hence learners will practice proper grammar and eventually emerge fluent. I would also employ illustrations by choosing one student to read from the blackboard and have the rest of the class repeat after him or her until they achieve a perfect pronunciation of the words and phrases assigned. This will no doubt put into effect positive self images (The Cleveland Clinic Foundation et al, 2009). In the learning environment, learners are usually affected by different misconceptions and errors in understanding concepts and principles of a particular field of study. The learner’s common misconceptions about capitalization features much where the sentence begins on the same line as the previous sentence. Most students are confused since the first example in capitalization the sentence started in the beginning of the line in their single ruled exercise books. The misconception is that capitalization should only be done in the beginning of a line. The solution to this misconception is to emphasize the concept of capitalization in the beginning of every new sentence (Nancy,

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Roles and responsibilities of community health - Essay Example Employers should therefore pay people enough money so that the issue of money is off the table. . Autonym involves one being allowed to do something in their own way as long as they produce good results. The urge for better understanding of skills motivates a person to work harder. Extra ordinary conditions are often brought about by having a purpose to achieve a certain goal and hence making people have purpose for something is much more important than monetary motivation. Ken Robinson argues that the current system of education has failed in creating creativity among the students. He indicates that academic inflation is being caused by people not giving value to whatever they study which he terms as ‘shifting beneath or feet. Schools have turned into institutes of constructing hypothetical careers rather than skills that one can measure. He observes that in the recent days people are studying various careers but fail to apply them in life and become completely different people. Ken believes that children have innovative capacity and talents that are squandered ruthlessly by schools. The education system has focused on more on science and humanities leaving behind art that is a subject that exercises the child’s creativity. According to me his hypothesis is very true, and most of our talents fade away with time. While in primary school I was an excellent in painting but when as my level of education goes higher, attention has shifted to science and thus my little talent has faded away. No teacher has motivated me on making a career out of painting and even my parents focus more on me having a different career rather than in my talent. Digitization of the world has led to changes in the academic sector some of which include softcopy notes and virtual schooling. One can attend classes at the comfort of their homes that are convenient to many people. Virtual schooling gives people a

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The experiment that Stanley Milgram conducted in the 1960s provided empirical evidence in favour of what is now referred to as t - Essay Example The results of the experiment have been proved by many other researchers in later studies, which explored the small-world effect in various types of networks. It has been verified that the small-world effect can be seen in different extent in a number of the real-world networks. The small-world phenomenon has made a great contribution in the theory of networks as it helped to better understand the structure and dynamics of the complex networks. This paper intends to discuss the Milgram's experiment and to explore in what extent the small-world effect can be found in three main classes of networks – random graphs, scale-free networks and small-world networks. Keywords: networks, social networks, small-world, six degree, random graph, scale-free networks. Introduction It is widely acknowledged that networks are all around people; and people themselves as socio-biological systems are, for the most part, products of biochemical reactions and social relationships occurring in netwo rks. Networks are studied since 1736, at first in the domain of mathematical graph theory (Biggs et al., 1986), which has been gradually developed into the solid branch of knowledge that studies nature and properties of different networks, from very simple to large and complex networks that have irregular structure and complex dynamics. Examples of such networks can be found everywhere in nature and in society – food networks of biological species, communication networks and the Internet, social networks between individuals, transportation networks, metabolic and neural networks, and many others. Nowadays the study of networks got significant achievements in understanding of specific features, some of which have been investigated in depth only in the past few decades, with the advent of information and communications technologies and, particularly, the Internet. One of the fundamental features of networks was discovered in 1967, when a famous social psychologist Stanley Milgr am conducted a series of experiments, revealing that in spite of the enormous number of the global population, our world is actually rather small - any individual on the planet can reach any other individual through about six contacts in their social network. The phenomenon was called the small-world effect, while the modern popular scientific literature often mentions it as the â€Å"six degrees of separation† effect (Watts, 1999). The results of the Milgram’s experiments have been proved in a large number of experiments of other researchers. The phenomenon appears to be extremely useful for understanding the structure and dynamics of processes that takes place in different networks, for example the dynamics of spread of information across the network, or the dynamics of diffusions of epidemic diseases in a society. The small-world effect can be viewed in different networks; however, each of these networks has the distinctive characteristics, related to its structure and dynamics, so there are certain differences in the manifestations of the small-world effect in various networks. This essay intends to discuss the Milgram's experiment and to explore in what extent the small-world effect can be found in networks, namely, in three main kinds of networks – in classical random graphs; in scale-free networks, introduced by Barabasi and Albert (1999); and in small-world networks, invented by Watts and Strogatz (1998). The paper is aimed to show

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Pensions as an important financial instruments - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper are pensions as an important financial instruments that provide economic security to employees once they retire. A pension is a fixed payment that the beneficiary receives on a monthly basis once they reach retirement age. The use of pension plans by corporations became a mainstream practice in corporate America after World War II. In the United States pension plans have become more important than ever particularly for younger people due to the fact that the social security system is not going to be able to help younger adults. The most likely outcome is that generation X will not receive a social security check 30 years from now. Defined contribution plans must be disclosed in the financial statements of an organization. The things that must be reported in the financial statements in regards to pensions include the existence of the plan, the employee groups covered, the basis for determining contributions, and any significant matters affecting comp arability from period to period. The accounting treatment for defined benefit plans is a bit more complex. It is imperative that corporations make pension contributions that are sufficient to cover the benefits that are promised by the plan. Due to the fluctuating nature of the stock market, which is an investment mechanism used by pension managers to obtain a greater return for the beneficiaries, on many occasions pension funds are underfunded. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 stipulated that all corporate pension funds must be fully funded by the year 2013. Pension fund accounting requires the use of actuarial tools to estimate the future value of pension benefits. Two benefit approaches that can be used by accountants are accumulated benefits approach and years of service approach. The difference between the two methods is that one estimates annual pension cost and liability based on existing salary levels, while the other is based on the estimated final pay at retirement. The liability for pension benefits under the accumulated benefits approach is called accumulated benefits obligation, while the liability computed under the benefits/years of service approach is called projected benefit obligation (Clark & Cathey, 2011). The proliferation of the use of pension plans occurred after World War II. The accounting profession immediately took notice of the tendency. In 1956 the Committee on Accounting Procedures released Accounting Bulleting No. 47, Accounting for Costs of Pension Plans. ARB-47 required disclosure of unfunded vested benefits on the balance sheet (Duangplov & Pence, 2007). Pension funds were considered a legal liability after the inception of APB No. 8 in 1966. APB No. 8 also discusses the different components of pension costs. The three components of pension costs are normal costs, past service costs, and prior service costs. The underfunded pension cost became a liability in the balance

Economic Analysis of Patented Drugs vs. Generic Drugs Research Paper

Economic Analysis of Patented Drugs vs. Generic Drugs - Research Paper Example As for example, phenytoin which is the common name and Dilantin is the business name for a single drug. When one drug is in rights security, the company sells it with its business name. When a drug is out of the patent protection (no longer protected by patent), the company may sell the products under whichever name they want common name or business name. Other companies which file for authorization to sell that off-patent drug have to use the similar common name but have the freedom to use their own trade name. This results in drugs to be sold in the same generic name but multiple trade names. (Aronsson et al. 2001) General drugs are remedies that are known by the chemical formulae instead of their brand, or business name. Most of the people, as for example, know the brand title Valium, however the common name of the anxiety defiant drug is diazepam. (Mehta & Mehta, 1997) In the most cases, most drugs are likewise as efficient as brand-name remedies. They too are typically lesser ex pensive than the brand names, frequently as a great deal as 50 % or more. What is the reason behind this? (Mehta & Mehta, 1997; Aronsson et al. Pharmaceutical industries spend a lot of time (usually a decade or more) and cash—generally more money than $300 million—to research, develop, produce, and marketing a brand new drug. Which results in, if the efforts become positive, the brand-name drug which is patented plus sold solely under a particular business name for seventeen years, which permits the industry get back more money than it invested. As a patent runs out, or there is not any patent at all, other industries can produce and market that drug with the drug’s common name or with other brand names. ... As a patent runs out, or there is not any patent at all, other industries can produce and market that drug with the drug’s common name or with other brand names. Other industries don’t need to invest the time and wealth to get the actual drug to the market. Therefore, they can sell the drug at a lower cost. (Mehta & Mehta, 1997; Aronsson et al., 2001) Economic analysis of patent protection versus generic drugs: The limit of the patent security in helping the mechanisms for making novel remedies not supposed to be minimized. To get a fresh prescription remedy in the market, industries of pharmaceutics must beat several obstacles including large investments for researching and development (R&D), authoritarian scrutiny very importantly scientific trustworthiness corresponding the protection and effectiveness of that fresh drug. To attain this, companies continuously search for fresh compounds having medicinal power. When a brand new, hopeful substance is found, the industr y files a request for patent security while it goes through different levels of Research and Development. Current estimations of the expense of developing a fresh drug is ranged between $230 million and $500 million prior to the remedy can be marketed. (Mehta & Mehta, 1997) Getting patent security for a particular remedy, the industry has the power to set the price as per wish; without contest, no descending pressure is there upon the price from different probable drug providers. The monopoly supremacy gained from that patent protection gives inducement for drug industries to put in a big capital needed for Research and Development by permitting them in earning much more than the possible result in more contesting market. With no

The experiment that Stanley Milgram conducted in the 1960s provided Essay

The experiment that Stanley Milgram conducted in the 1960s provided empirical evidence in favour of what is now referred to as t - Essay Example The results of the experiment have been proved by many other researchers in later studies, which explored the small-world effect in various types of networks. It has been verified that the small-world effect can be seen in different extent in a number of the real-world networks. The small-world phenomenon has made a great contribution in the theory of networks as it helped to better understand the structure and dynamics of the complex networks. This paper intends to discuss the Milgram's experiment and to explore in what extent the small-world effect can be found in three main classes of networks – random graphs, scale-free networks and small-world networks. Keywords: networks, social networks, small-world, six degree, random graph, scale-free networks. Introduction It is widely acknowledged that networks are all around people; and people themselves as socio-biological systems are, for the most part, products of biochemical reactions and social relationships occurring in netwo rks. Networks are studied since 1736, at first in the domain of mathematical graph theory (Biggs et al., 1986), which has been gradually developed into the solid branch of knowledge that studies nature and properties of different networks, from very simple to large and complex networks that have irregular structure and complex dynamics. Examples of such networks can be found everywhere in nature and in society – food networks of biological species, communication networks and the Internet, social networks between individuals, transportation networks, metabolic and neural networks, and many others. Nowadays the study of networks got significant achievements in understanding of specific features, some of which have been investigated in depth only in the past few decades, with the advent of information and communications technologies and, particularly, the Internet. One of the fundamental features of networks was discovered in 1967, when a famous social psychologist Stanley Milgr am conducted a series of experiments, revealing that in spite of the enormous number of the global population, our world is actually rather small - any individual on the planet can reach any other individual through about six contacts in their social network. The phenomenon was called the small-world effect, while the modern popular scientific literature often mentions it as the â€Å"six degrees of separation† effect (Watts, 1999). The results of the Milgram’s experiments have been proved in a large number of experiments of other researchers. The phenomenon appears to be extremely useful for understanding the structure and dynamics of processes that takes place in different networks, for example the dynamics of spread of information across the network, or the dynamics of diffusions of epidemic diseases in a society. The small-world effect can be viewed in different networks; however, each of these networks has the distinctive characteristics, related to its structure and dynamics, so there are certain differences in the manifestations of the small-world effect in various networks. This essay intends to discuss the Milgram's experiment and to explore in what extent the small-world effect can be found in networks, namely, in three main kinds of networks – in classical random graphs; in scale-free networks, introduced by Barabasi and Albert (1999); and in small-world networks, invented by Watts and Strogatz (1998). The paper is aimed to show

Economic Analysis of Patented Drugs vs. Generic Drugs Research Paper

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Group Psychology Essay Example for Free

Group Psychology Essay Irwin Mansdorf in his article The Psychology Framework of Suicide Terrorism brings out another aspect of group psychology in an attempt to explain what has motivated various groups and their members to be involved in suicide bombing e disagrees with those portraying The Palestinians suicide bombers as desperate rot who are driven by their suicidal motives. He feels that individual psychopathology does not play any important role in this case. (Mansdart, I 2003) Group dynamics are responsible in reinforcing behavior within these people’s culture where those who carry out suicide bombing are seen as heroes where their faces are displayed in the open for every one to see and their immediate families are handsomely rewarded for their sons bravely and commitment to serve the community. The families are rewarded with great respect and financial considerations. (Bloom, M 2004) Suicide in the clinical sense may be directly related to personal psychological state at the time of committing the acts. In the case of suicide of suicide bombing, Irwin has observed that there is no close relationship with personal clinical psychopathology. He believes hat these people are drawn by the political and nationalistic aspects advocated by their groups. (Mansdart, I 2003) Kamikaze pilots used this tactic to attack American in the pacific during the Second World War. Several researches carried out have not pointed that the pilots were suicidal rather they are seen as people who were driven by a strong desire to fight for their country. They never at any time display any signs of abnormal behavior which could have led to suicide. The letters Kamikaze pilots wrote to their families show that they were calm and in a peaceful state before they carried out the misson. Their expectations beyond death served as the motivational factor for them to fight the enemy knowing that they have served the nation and they will be heavily be rewarded in the life after. (Mansdart, I 2003) A closer look at the Tamil tigers brings out the same picture; the group has been responsible for the most suicide bombing carried out by any organization in the world. Those who carry out these activities are fighters who have are well trained and fully dedicated to their cause. In all the cases the group chooses volunteers based on their record as fighters. Those who are involved in the suicide bombing are not described as victims of any psychological condition which can drive them to volunteer to participate in this activity but rather they are drawn by great dedication to serve their group and to a large extent liberate their people from the yokes of occupation. (Bloom, M 2004) In most cases of suicide bombing according to Irwin observation the purpose of mission is rarely due to desperation or hopelessness. The suicide bombers were focused drawing inspiration from nationalism and large the group identity. Irwin explains that group pressure and identity inspires a suicide bomber into action. They are manipulated ,brainwashed and made to believe that after carrying out the mission they will be honored as martyrs, their families will be recognizes and reward greatly. The recruits are never allowed to leave denying the m an opportunity to back down from the mission. (Mansdart, I 2003) Recruitment The number of organizations carrying out attacks has increased in the recent past. These organizations are found in almost all the corners of the world. This increase also means the number of recruits needed to carry out the suicide attacks is on the rise. According to the latest statistics more than forty countries in the world have experienced suicide bombing attacks since 1980s. It is estimated that there are sixty known groups which employ suicide bombing as a fighting technique. (Reuter, C 2004) Despite an increase in the number of organization employing this tactic, there have been no shortages of people of people who are willing to put their lives on the line for the sake of the organization or cause they believe in. There has been an upward surge in the number of suicide bombings in the recent past, this means that the number of people who are willing to die for what they believe in has also increased. (Kramer, M 1991) Recruits in suicide bombing are drawn from a variety of backgrounds. There has been a perception that people who are involved are usually psychopaths, insane or poor but this is not the case. Most of those who have been recruited are usually well educated, relatively rich. These are people who ready to sacrifice their lives for a cause and are more than willing to go to any length to kill themselves. In the recent past trends have been changing where even children have been involved in suicide bombings. As the Middle East conflict escalate militants groups in Palestine are actively involved in recruitment of young people. One of the groups Al aqsa-intifada has been actively involved in the recruitment of children as suicide bombers. Other groups which have been employing the same mode are the Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Hamas are known to run kindergartens, where children are taught all the tactics and the need to sacrifice their souls for the sake of their people. These children in the kindergarten are made to believe that they are the holy martyrs in making. (Shay, S 2003) There are several factors that qualify one as a recruit for suicide bombing recruit. A number of organizations in the Middle East take into consideration ones religion. It has been noted that almost all the recruits who have participated in the Palestinians suicide bombings are staunch Muslims. Once a new recruit is taken in especially children they are taken in for an intensive training which involves reciting of the Koran. Therefore knowledge of Koran becomes very crucial in taking in the recruits. Criminal record also plays a significant role in the selection of those who are to take part in any given task as far as these groups are concerned. Those who have a clean criminal record are first considered for the task, this is because they attract little attention from the authorities therefore carrying out their mission successfully. (Reuter, C 2004) This is a policy that has been employed by the Hamas and the Hezbollah groups of the Middle East. (Noval, M 1999) Most of the organization rely on volunteers to carryout their missions, when the current Iranian president Mohmoud Ahamedinejad came into power he appealed to the youth from the Muslim countries to come forward and help in fighting Israel and United States. Most other terror groups appeal to their members to volunteer and get trained as suicide bombers . In the Palestine there are many youth who are willing to volunteer, these people may be driven by the promises made or purely to fulfill their religious obligation as spelt out in the recruiting organizations. Most of the suicide bombers are selected at an early age, educated and then set off to carry out their duty when they are just about in their twenties or in their late teenage years. Those who a re recruited are normally encouraged to cut themselves from the outside world as they are subjected to the intense training and recitations of the holy book to prepare them for the task ahead. Governments also sponsor some of the groups involved in the suicide bombings where those who participate are given monetary rewards. Iranian president is on the record urging his countrymen to come out and be trained for a fight with the western powers. Those who volunteered were promised compensation for the families and great honor once they have successively carried out the mission given. There have been considerable involvement of the Iranian government in the training of the terror outfits; a training center was opened when Ahamednijad came into power. This center which came to be known as the Lovers of Martyrdom Garrison has been involved in recruiting and training of suicide bombers who according to the Iranian president are to help in fighting the western powers who have occupied the Muslim territory. The volunteers’ suicide bombers have been equated to nuclear bombs owned by the United States and Israel and they are meant to cause wanton destruction against the enemy. Conclusion Suicide bombers are just as ordinary people, but there are forces within them which make them carry out their missions. These forces range from desparation, nationalistic ideals or religion. Debate on what makes a suicide bomber tick will continue for a long time as different people will see different motives for a given group of attackers. As far as those factors which breed terror remain with us suicide bombing will continue to be with us for a long time, attracting much attention from different scholars whose aim is to understand the factors behind these daring acts. References Radu, M (2004) Radical Islam and Suicide Bomber, Retrieved from http://www.fpri.org/

The Aims And Objectives Of The Internet Information Technology Essay

The Aims And Objectives Of The Internet Information Technology Essay In this part of the world the Internet in its essence is a directory, where the user can access information and buy goods and services.The internet provides a key asset for communication in this century. As a company or as an organization it is   important for existence to have a web contact. Global Marketing is a place where users can sell new and old sports items and where companies can advertise them selves and place their goods for selling. Global   Marketings aim is to provide a facility where any one can access, upload and purchase goods in different styles where they can buy as in auction or instantly without staying in long queues. Once they have bought they can amend their quantities in shopping cartridge.Global Marketing use Internet technologies to enable users to sit at home and buy sports items from Global Marketings website. The functional richness and rapid responsiveness of the desktop application have always been the goal of   human by designing the desktop application in java by one site compiling and multi site running, but Ajax has invented the powerful features where we can design a website with the help of ASP.NET which would work as a desktop application, where new generation of the Internet can interact rapidly. 2.1 Problems: 2.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Creating a user friendly website based on ASP+ Ajax technologies. 2.2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Enabling the clients to participate in the real time auctions through the web. 2.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Creating Shopping cart for the customers where they can buy and add as many things   as they want, depending on availability. 2.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  There are thousands of websites which are made by humans but they are not responsive as quick as desktop applications. Aims and objectives: To develop a front end system that is both user friendly and easy to use or navigate, The front end system will be linked to a back end database which can be update online and have some functionality: Add, Delete Edit Display Search Specific functions: Allow user to suggest recommendations. Message service ( user can ask any thing about the product for instance if they are in-trusted in any other colour or something they can email to the owner of the shop or website). Deliverable : The deliverable of this project will be as following: Project report Front end, user friendly sports items website. 3.1- Life-cycle Models: There are so many life-cycles models for to producing any website or that can be used to aid the development of any software or any website, They are playing a role model to control the coast of the whole project either it is a time consuming project or costly with that people can control the coast as well as their precious time, errors are minimised and so forth that is way I have decided to use the waterfall model in my project as its name suggests it is powerful and easy to understand to develop any software or any website. 1. The Waterfall Model The waterfall model derived from engineering models, to be consistent in the development of large software in the market. It has some stages which process linear fashion, in order to compare with other software models, it is more rigid and controlled or we can say that this is manageable.https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/QWuLYgIxvFZlqXCJSMud1UF_sN9u7hOHzjnZCiwF0Hkpsxvd8Bd1O2lpI9oMbJD2ugKKg3ljaHjdAtiB5_kgT6p_XQpEJ-bYfddscxIFxrXsc8Uw8g http://rajeevprabhakaran.wordpress.com/tag/v-model/ [Online accessed 15/10/10] Requirement analysis and definition,   In this very first stage we just establish the requirements then we check the requirements of the developed software: which includes the constraints and the developing goals of the software or website and those include the services which they are going to provide; once these are established then those should be defined in such a way that they are usable in the next stage. some time these may be preceded by the feasibility study. feasibility study should pose the questions such as: should we develop the software? and what are the alternatives? System and software design. In this stage the established requirement are same as first stage, but difference is only that   these requirements are suitable for the hardware and the software which we have in our use, for instance Asp.net, java etc. Basically, we identify the software and the hardware requirements, and transfer these information into the readable form of the software. Implementation and unit design. In this stage where they create the computer programme and each programme is collection of small units stage and the unit testing is the verification of the system requirements it means, they meat the requirements or not of the user? System testing. All of the systems units are combined and all of them are need to be tested when the combine programme is successful or has been tested then the software product is finished. Operation and maintenance. Most computer programmes have developed programmes in stages, and every stage has some errors which have gone undetected before; in the case of any need of improvement or any kind of support   beeing recorded, This recorded information can be helpful in the future for operation and maintenance of the software. However, this is the part of the life-cycle and which is strict development, although improvement and fixes of any software can be considered as the word development. There are plenty of models in the market, such as Code and Fix model, exploratory model, Evolutionary Model or prototyping Model and the name with spiral model, The spiral model has also have the qualities of waterfall model and the reason for using the waterfall model are as follows ; It is cost effective. The requirement which are already known. The is no chance of   requirements to be changed in near future. Background Studies What is E-Commerce? and Role in our life. E-commerce is like doing business online over the Internet; selling and buying thing on the Internet. Products may be traded physical, such as using cars or any services to deliver the products but selling goods to the buyer through the word wide web. over the Internet they may be in digital form for instance they may look like audio video or in the form of news or may be in the form of software and all types of knowledge base products. Market and E-commerce : Without a website, a local store is going to be always a local store they can not promote them-salves for the world, if same local stores have a websites for their-selves and find the world on their doorstep, therefore , this will be good for the same local store where millions of people visit the same store or where a one customer comes after one hour and he can sell million of things in one second to millions   of customers. But they need to think about the competitors and how they are going to tackle all of these competitions either these are related to sale or products, that is why these online partners need change all the time, actually, this is not only a for searching products, buying products and selling the products, it is also leading to words exchanging and distributing products and the way consumers search and bargain for the products. Turban etal. (1999) note that e-commerce is still an emerging concept for the people who works in IT that there are so many applications of e-world for instance shopping banking provides the infrastructure to drive the world from home The Internet is the best know technology and most used technology of the e-commerce and networking (Key Note ( Internet usage in business 1998)). Dave Chaffey munitioned in his book, The history summarises to Tesco supermarkets efforts in this electronics world trading with there suppliers from EDI to Internet-base purchasing. The advantages and disadvantages are explored. Tesco is Uks largest grocery chain in the market they have 4,811 (Feb 2010) retail places in a Uk. and due to the largest network they used electronic data interchange (EDI) to order the goods from suppliers which are more then 2000, representing around more then 96 % by volume of goods sold in tesco stores. That system started in 1980 to stream line the stores replenishment first it was limited but after 1989 Tesco took initial to sport their store in better way to think about the forecasting the goods for the future so Tesco capture the market in start after some time so many other superstore join the race as well and they are doing very well.One is well know is E-bay which is the icon of the e-commerce or The e-Business. Dave Chaffey (E-business and e-commerce management: strategy, implementation, and practice   2007 (Page 292)).

The Scop (beowulf) :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

The Scop After Julius Caesar lay claim to Englisyou do not want to receive this notification, click the Options link on the top horizontal menu bar. On the Options page, click the Preferences link. Scroll down to the Confirm Sent Messages option and select Noh soil, the Britons were subject the Northern coasts remained to become settlers and tillers of the soil, and Anglo-Saxon part of the Anglo-Saxon body of folklore and legend. It was not long until various warrior-kings had a â€Å"singer†, or scop attached to their courts who could recite and sing a body or oral literature- particularly about the warrior-king’s glorious deeds. In the late sixth century, Augustine came to England at the request of Pope Gregory. Gregory advised his monks not to disrupt England’s pagan customs, but to proceed with conversion gradually. Consequently, the question arises concerning whether Beowulf resulted from the traditions handed down by the scops, or whether the poem was a product of the monasteries. Some critics claim that it is an amalgam of both elements. Since the poet gives us a valuable portrait of the scop in all, they reason, the scop had a storehouse of old folktales, legenyou do not want to receive this notification, click the Options link on the top horizontal menu bar. On the Options page, click the Preferences link. Scroll down to the Confirm Sent Messages option and select Nods, and heroic deeds performed by great heroes of the past. Hrothgar’s scop was able to sing Beowulf’s praises the day following the defeat of Grendel, and in the song, he includes the older â€Å"Lay of Sigemund†. The scop’s purpose was to honor his noble patron or others who past and be able to sing them at the pride of the tribe depended upon a long genealogy of heroes. Additionally, the scop defined the moral values of his society by singing about heroes and about those who acted in non-heroic ways. His songs endorsed models of behavior. By example, he taught that certain actions were profitable to the group, and and criticized those who failed to perform according to the expectations of the group. course, do not recognize the code which includes the wergild option. The Scop After Julius Caesar lay claim to English soil, the Britons were subject to numerous invasions, mostly from Scandinavian tribes to the north of England. Many Scandinavian tribes who raided the Northern coasts remained to become settlers and tillers of the soil, and Anglo-Saxon society continued to be reasonably well organized, aristocratic, and of folklore and legend.

Individuals Entering Non-Traditional Roles in Sports :: Sports Sociology Social Norms Essays

Individuals Entering Non-Traditional Roles in Sports Sports provide an amazing outlet for people of all ages. It has been proven that sports help focus and concentration as well as improving ones physical state. It is a beneficial pastime that all should be allowed to enjoy. Up until that age of 12-13 both genders are invited and welcomed to play sports. After this point something changes, it is not really talked about but pressure is effectively applied and society somehow manages to push people into very gender orientated and gender specific sports. The question is, what happens when someone doesn't succumb to the pressure and actively participates in what it referred to as a non-traditional role in a particular sport? This idea applies to both sexes, not just females. We are talking about how society reacts when women compete in body building competitions and when men become figure skaters. I believe that the root of our problem lies within the biases of our society. The first major question that should be answered is why does society believe that people entering non-traditional roles as such a negative occurrence? I think that the root of this belief is buried in the past and has matriculated down through the generations. In the early history of sports it was believed that women were too delicate to participate in sports. The thought was that if women participated in strenuous activity that they would damage their reproductive organs, which would ultimately not fulfill an absurd belief that the primary role of women in society was to have children and care for the men. Back then sports were also used as an arena for men to test and publicly display their masculinity. Open acceptance of women in sports at that time would have posed as too much of a threat to the men's masculinity, therefore many years went by which allowed the practice of only traditional roles being witnessed and accepted. On a more personal level, it has been my observation that up until the junior high level both boys and girls are actively engaged in sports, but once the boys start to get bigger, the adults in the society become apprehensive about allowing mixed gender play. I feel as though society has a tough time embracing the possibility that women might get hurt if they play sports. It is at this point in a student's career that a great division occurs, all of a sudden innocent games become strictly regulated and boys and girls are separated.